Electrochemical sensors for environmental gas analysis

The application of electrochemical sensors for measurement of concentration of pollutant gases in air in the part-per-billion (10⁹) range is reviewed. Performance-limiting factors, particularly the effects of extremes and of relatively rapid changes in ambient temperature and humidity, are noted. Variations in composition of the electrolyte in the meniscus at the electrode–gas interface and instability of the solid–liquid–gas contact line, causing important variations in current due to background electrode reactions, are deduced and suggested as the reason for the performance limitations. Suggestions are made for mitigation through instrument design.     

Convective mass transfer across fluid interfaces in straight angular pores

Steady convective mass transfer to or from fluid interfaces in pores of angular cross-section is theoretically investigated. This situation is relevant to a variety of mass transport process in porous media, including the fate of residual non-aqueous phase liquid ganglia and gas bubbles. The model incorporates the essential physics of capillarity and solute mass transfer by convection and diffusion in corner fluid filaments. The geometry of the corner filaments, characterized by the fluid–fluid contact angle, the corner half-angle and the interface meniscus curvature, is accounted for. Boundary conditions of zero surface shear (‘perfect-slip’) and infinite surface shear (‘no-slip’) at the fluid–fluid interface are considered. The governing equations for laminar flow within the corner filament and convective diffusion to or from the fluid–fluid interface are solved using finite-element methods. Flow computations are verified by comparing the dimensionless resistance factor and hydraulic conductance of corner filaments against recent numerical solutions by Patzek and Kristensen (J. Colloid Interface Sci 236, 305–317 2001). Novel results are obtained for the average effluent concentration as a function of flow geometry and pore-scale Peclet number. These results are correlated to a characteristic corner length and local pore-scale Peclet number using empirical equations appropriate for implementation in pore network models. Finally, a previously published “2D-slit” approximation to the problem at hand is checked and found to be in considerable error.     

基于连续弯液面构筑的有序阵列模板复制模塑制备图案化聚合物薄膜

基于咖啡环理论, 利用微米尺度限制下的弯液面溶剂散逸过程获得表面微结构可控的有序阵列, 以此为母模板制备聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)弹性印章, 通过复制模塑过程实现阵列结构转移. 利用广义Young-Laplace方程建立的理论模型分析弯液面聚合物沉积黏连过程, 推导出条纹沉积频率与聚合物分子量、 基底滑动速率和溶液浓度的关系, 理论计算结果与实验现象一致.     

Novel bending sensor based on a meniscus shaped beam with LPG

A novel bending sensor based on a long period fiber grating (LPG) is presented. A LPG was glued into a V-shaped groove, which lies on the lower surface of a meniscus shaped beam. It is found that the transmission optical power of the LPG changed linearly with the variation of the bending of the beam. The bending applied on the beam can be measured by detecting the intensity variation of the LPG's resonant dip wavelength. Under a relative large bending measured range from 0 to 7.5 m^?1, the sensitivity of 3.003 dB m^?1 and curvature resolution of 0.001 m^?1 have been achieved for the proposed bending sensor.     

膝关节镜下手术和药物辅助治疗半月板损伤疗效观察

目的探讨膝关节镜下手术修复和术后药物辅助治疗半月板损伤的疗效。方法对22例半月板撕裂的患者行膝关节镜下半月板修复术（其中16例从外到内缝合,6例从内到外缝合）,术后给予玻璃酸钠膝关节腔内注射辅助治疗,通过二期膝关节镜和MRI检查、Lysholm膝关节功能评分对治疗效果进行评价。结果22例患者膝关节镜下半月板修复术均取得成功。二期关节镜检查5例,显示半月板愈合良好;MRI复查17例,显示半月板愈合15例,未完全愈合和未愈合各1例;术后Lysholm平均评分较术前明显提高,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;疗效优14例,良6例,可1例,差1例,优良率90.9%（20/22）。结论膝关节镜下半月板修复术结合玻璃酸钠膝关节腔内注射治疗半月板损伤可取得良好的疗效。     

基于二维Meniscus透镜的准光功率合成器

为了实现大功率容量和高效率的空间功率合成,将基于波导腔体的二维Meniscus透镜用于毫米波功率合成器的设计.对透镜中传输的主模(TE10波)的散射效应进行了分析,并且设计了匹配层减小透镜结构带来的反射.在30 GHz频率上利用Rexolite介质的Meniscus透镜设计出了10路功率合成器,对不同结构的功率合成器和不同参数的透镜进行了研究,得到了最终的优化结果.CST-MMW的仿真结果表明该功率合成器在30 GHz合成效率可以达到92.6%,并且其80%以上效率工作带宽可以覆盖整个Ka波段.     

A study of the oscillating corner meniscus in a vertical constrained vapor bubble system

A vertical constrained vapor bubble, VCVB, made of fused silica was used to study the stability and oscillations of an evaporating wetting film of HFE- 7000^® in a corner. The film thickness profile was measured as a function of time and axial position using an advanced form of image analyzing interferometry. The curvature, apparent contact angle, and pressure profiles for the evaporating film were calculated from the measured film thickness profiles. Oscillation of the liquid film was observed and profiles for both the advancing and receding films were obtained. These are the first such detailed profiles obtained for an oscillating meniscus below a thickness of 0.1 μm.The film thickness profiles demonstrated the spreading of the meniscus during advance as well as the presence of a curvature gradient near the contact line region. The maximum curvature decreased for the advancing menisci and increased with time for the receding menisci. An increase in the adsorbed film thickness was associated with the advancing stage and a decrease with the receding stage. Pressure profiles were measured as a function of position indicating the potential for driving the flow of the fluid toward or away from the contact line. As the film advances or recedes, the pressure gradients change as a function of position fueling the next oscillation cycle.     

Prolongation of two phases in the model of fluid displacement through a capillaryProlongement de deux phases dans le modèle du déplacement d'un fluide dans un capillaire

The problem of a piston-like displacement of a fluid by another in a capillary is examined. It is suggested that each fluid is prolonged into the domain occupied by the other fluid. This enables the replacement of the two-phase flow problem by a transient single-phase flow problem, with discontinuity in velocity and pressure on a film interface. The problems related to the triple point are solved by introducing a limit fluid near the pore wall. The demonstration of the Washburn equation contributes to the physical justification of our model. To cite this article: Y. Lucas et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Hydrophilic strips for preventing air bubble formation in a microfluidic chamber

In a microfluidic chamber, unwanted formation of air bubbles is a critical problem. Here, we present a hydrophilic strip array that prevents air bubble formation in a microfluidic chamber. The array is located on the top surface of the chamber, which has a large variation in width, and consists of a repeated arrangement of super‐ and moderately hydrophilic strips. This repeated arrangement allows a flat meniscus (i.e. liquid front) to form when various solutions consisting of a single stream or two parallel streams with different hydrophilicities move through the chamber. The flat meniscus produced by the array completely prevents the formation of bubbles. Without the array in the chamber, the meniscus shape is highly convex, and bubbles frequently form in the chamber. This hydrophilic strip array will facilitate the use of a microfluidic chamber with a large variation in width for various microfluidic applications.     

Effect of vapor flow on the wetting behavior of unstable evaporating menisci in heated capillary tubes

The wicking height of a heated, evaporating meniscus formed by surface-wetting liquid in a vertical capillary tube with dynamic flow has been investigated. Previous experimental results and analytical models for measuring/predicting wicking heights in capillaries are also reviewed. An analytical model is presented that accounts for both major and minor vapor pressure losses along the vertical capillary tube. It is shown that during thermo-mechanical instability, vapor/meniscus interaction can become more prevalent due to increased vapor generation/pressure near the meniscus free surface. A relatively simple procedure for estimating onset of meniscus instability is presented and, when used with the vapor Reynolds number, can estimate whether vapor pressure loss is significant. By comparing the current model with the available experimental data, it is shown that the wicking height of an unstable, evaporating meniscus of n-pentane in a vertical, glass capillary tube is better estimated by considering vapor flow pressure losses – providing a 40% improvement over previous models that neglect vapor flow. In addition to vapor flow pressure loss, the dynamic contact angle and thin film profile must also be calculated to ensure accurate prediction of wicking height. Although the proposed model shows improvement, it is prone to under-predicting the actual meniscus wicking height for stable, evaporating menisci at lower relative heat loads. The proposed model can be used for predicting wicking behavior of heated, vertically-aligned liquid columns in capillary structures – which is relevant to the design of miniature heat transfer equipment/media such as wicked heat pipes, micro-channels and sintered/porous surfaces.