Values for two-stage games: Another view of the Shapley axioms

This short study reports an application of the Shapley value axioms to a new concept of two-stage games. In these games, the formation of a coalition in the first stage entitles its members to play a prespecified cooperative game at the second stage. The original Shapley axioms have natural equivalents in the new framework, and we show the existence of (non-unique) values and semivalues for two stage games, analogous to those defined by the corresponding axioms for the conventional (one-stage) games. However, we also prove that all semivalues (hence, perforce, all values) must give patently unacceptable solutions for some two-stage majority games (where the members of a majority coalition play a conventional majority game). Our reservations about these prescribed values are related to Roth's (1980) criticism of Shapley's -transfer value for non-transferable utility (NTU) games. But our analysis has wider scope than Roth's example, and the argument that it offers appears to be more conclusive. The study also indicates how the values and semivalues for two-stage games can be naturally generalized to apply for multi-stage games.Earlier versions of this study were presented at the International Conference on Game Theory and its Applications, organized by Ohio State University in 1987, and at the Workshop on Mathematical Economics and Game Theory at Tel Aviv Unversity. We gratefully acknowledge the valuable comments received on both occasions, especially those of Robert J. Aumann, Roy Gardner, Sergiu Hart, Ehud Kalai, Michael Maschler, Alvin E. Roth, and Lloyd S. Shapley, and also those ofIJGT's anonymous referees. Of course, all responsibility lies with us.     

Structural properties and electrical characteristics of high-k Dy2O3 gate dielectrics

This paper describes the structural properties and electrical characteristics of thin Dy₂O₃ dielectrics deposited on silicon substrates by means of reactive sputtering. The structural and morphological features of these films after postdeposition annealing were studied by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is found that Dy₂O₃ dielectrics annealed at 700 °C exhibit a thinner capacitance equivalent thickness and better electrical properties, including the interface trap density and the hysteresis in the capacitance-voltage curves. Under constant current stress, the Weibull slope of the charge-to-breakdown of the 700 °C-annealed films is about 1.6. These results are attributed to the formation of well-crystallized Dy₂O₃ structure and the reduction of the interfacial SiO₂ layer.     

Potassium Ion-Selective Field-Effect Transistor (ISFET) Sensors: Studies on Gate Dimensions and Ion-Implantation Levels

Abstract

Silicon nitride membrane ISFET sensor chips have been produced with varying gate dimensions. A series of width/length (W/L) aspect ratios have been examined, combined with three levels of boron ion-implant. The level of ion-implantation affects the threshold voltage; this is important as a low threshold voltage allows the use of low noise operating conditions. Gate dimensions are also important factors for they determine the level of drain current for a given gate and drain voltages. A novel design feature, aimed at achieving wide gates, is the use of folded gates as well as having a straight structure. The evaluation of devices with gates covered with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-valinomycin-dioctyl adipate was based on their response to potassium chloride standards when it was shown that there may be a maximum width of gate above which there is no improvement of response. Also, the effect of folding the gate structure is discussed and shown to be tenable, thus permitting greater miniaturisation.     

Quantitative SIMS depth profiling of diffusion barrier gate-oxynitride structures in TFT-LCDs

Gate oxynitride structures of TFT-LCDs were investigated by SIMS, and successful solutions are demonstrated to overcome difficulties arising due to the charging effects of the multilayer systems, the matrix effect of the method, and the small pattern sizes of the samples. Because of the excellent reproducibility achieved by applying exponential relative sensitivity functions for quantitative analysis, minor differences in the barrier gate-oxynitride composition deposited on molybdenum capped aluminium-neodymium metallisation electrodes were determined between the centre and the edge of the TFT-LCD substrates. No differences were found for molybdenum-tungsten metallisations. Furthermore, at the edge of the glass substrates, aluminium, neodymium, and molybdenum SIMS depth profiles show an exponential trend. With TEM micrographs an inhomogeneous thickness of the molybdenum capping is revealed as the source of this effect, which influences the electrical behaviour of the device.The production process was improved after these results and the aging behaviour of TFT-LCDs was investigated in order to explain the change in control voltage occurring during the lifetime of the displays. SIMS and TEM show an enrichment of neodymium at the interface to the molybdenum layer, confirming good diffusion protection of the molybdenum barrier during accelerated aging. The reason for the shift of the control voltage was finally located by semi-quantitative depth profiling of the sodium diffusion originating from the glass substrate. Molybdenum-tungsten was a much better buffer for the highly-mobile charge carriers than aluminium-neodymium. Best results were achieved with PVD silicon oxynitride as diffusion barrier and gate insulator deposited on aluminium-neodymium metallisation layers.     

Growth behavior of high k LaAlO3 films on Si by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition for alternative gate dielectric application

LaAlO₃ (LAO) is explored in this work to replace SiO₂ as the gate dielectric material in metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistor. Amorphous LAO gate dielectric films were deposited on Si (0 0 1) substrates by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using La(dpm)₃ and Al(acac)₃ sources. The effect of processing parameters such as deposition temperature and precursor vapor flux on growth, structure, morphology, and composition of LAO films has been investigated by various analytical methods deeply. The film growth mechanism on Si is reaction limiting instead of mass transport control. The reaction is thermally activated with activation energy of 37 kJ/mol. In the initial growth stage, Al element is deficient due to higher nucleation barrier on Si. The LAO films show a smooth surface and good thermal stability and remain amorphous up to a high temperature of 850 °C. The electrical properties of amorphous LAO ultrathin films on Si have also been evaluated, indicating LAO is suitable for high k gate dielectric applications.     

On time versus size for monotone dynamic monopolies in regular topologies

We consider a well-known distributed colouring game played on a simple connected graph: initially, each vertex is coloured black or white; at each round, each vertex simultaneously recolours itself by the colour of the simple (strong) majority of its neighbours. A set of vertices M is said to be a dynamo, if starting the game with only the vertices of M coloured black, the computation eventually reaches an all-black configuration.The importance of this game follows from the fact that it models the spread of faults in point-to-point systems with majority-based voting; in particular, dynamos correspond to those sets of initial failures which will lead the entire system to fail. Investigations on dynamos have been extensive but restricted to establishing tight bounds on the size (i.e., how small a dynamic monopoly might be).In this paper we start to study dynamos systematically with respect to both the size and the time (i.e., how many rounds are needed to reach all-black configuration) in various models and topologies.We derive tight tradeoffs between the size and the time for a number of regular graphs, including rings, complete d-ary trees, tori, wrapped butterflies, cube connected cycles and hypercubes. In addition, we determine optimal size bounds of irreversible dynamos for butterflies and shuffle-exchange using simple majority and for DeBruijn using strong majority rules. Finally, we make some observations concerning irreversible versus reversible monotone models and slow complete computations from minimal dynamos.     

Aminocalix[4]arene: the effect of pH on the dynamics of gate and portals on the hydrophobic cavity

The pH of a solution shows a significant effect on the dynamics of the gate (formed by eight benzylic functions) and portal on the hydrophobic cavity of receptor. At pH 5.8 the gate closes and prohibits the entry of anionic guests. However, at pH 7.3 the gate opens and allows the entry of anionic guests into the hydrophobic cavity. It is the first time that anionic receptor efficiently recognizes anionic guests.     

A heuristic approach for airport gate assignments for stochastic flight delays

To make good flight to gate assignments, not only do all the relevant constraints have to be considered, but stochastic flight delays that occur in actual operations also have to be taken into account. In past research, airport gate assignments and stochastic disturbances have often been handled in the planning and the real-time stages separately, meaning that the interrelationship between these stages, as affected by such delays, has been neglected. In this research, we develop a heuristic approach embedded in a framework designed to help the airport authorities make airport gate assignments that are sensitive to stochastic flight delays. The framework includes three components, a stochastic gate assignment model, a real-time assignment rule, and two penalty adjustment methods. The test results are based on data supplied by a Taiwan international airport, and show that the proposed framework performs better than the current manual assignment process and the traditional deterministic model.     

内增强变象管相机中的干扰研究

本文讨论了带快门的内增强变象管相机的快门电路及其对扫描电路的干扰,干扰信号对相机性能指标的影响及解决方法。     

Iterative behaviour of generalized majority functions

Let us consider a society of n persons {P₁,…,P_n} with interaction coefficient a_ij between P_i and P_j. Let {θ₁,…,θ_p} be the set of opinions which may be assumed by any person. We study the dynamical behaviour of such a society under local majority rules.The results presented in this paper generalize many partial results previously obtained by several authors (Tchuente, 1977; Goles and Olivos, 1980; Poljak and Sura, 1982). Furthermore, by introducing algebraic invariants, analogous to those exhibited in Goles (1980) for the study of Boolean threshold functions, we provide a tool for a general approach of such dynamical models.