Color Measurement in Leaf Diagnosis

Abstract

The paper presents for the first time in literature the use of color measurement in leaf diagnosis. It uses the data obtained in certain well- established conditions, in CIE 1976 system for quantifying the color changes of leaves in different sufference (plant or leaf damage) symptoms.

The data are presented for sugar beet plants, but the application can be easily extended to any crop, arboretums, or ecological systems.

As a further extension of the study, it can be used in the telediagnosis of plants' sufferences by plane or even by satellite.     

轮台白杏叶片铁锰浓度光谱估算模型

建立基于光谱分析的轮台白杏叶片铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)元素浓度估算模型,为快速建立轮台白杏树体微量营养元素诊断体系提供技术途经。采用Unispec-SC光谱仪测定土壤肥力存在显著差异条件下轮台白杏果实不同生育时期叶片的光谱反射率,通过分析叶片中Fe和Mn元素浓度与Rλ和f′(Rλ)的相关性,筛选出光谱指示波段,并采用线性回归模型建立光谱估算模型以估算叶片Fe和Mn营养元素浓度。结果表明:轮台白杏果实不同生育时期叶片Fe元素的光谱敏感波段各不相同,果实坐果期和硬核期敏感波段分别为873和874nm,375和437nm。果实成熟期敏感波段为836和837nm而果实收后期敏感波段为325和1 054nm;轮台白杏果实四个生育时期Mn元素的光谱敏感波段分别为913和1 129nm,425和970nm,390和466nm,423和424nm;轮台白杏叶片Fe和Mn元素浓度均与光谱反射率一阶微分f′(Rλ)相关性最强,与之建立的线性光谱估算模型拟合度最高,且达到了显著或极显著水平。表明果实不同生育时期,轮台白杏叶片Fe和Mn元素的光谱指示波段不同,可根据双波段f′(Rλ)采用线性模型估算白杏叶片Fe和Mn元素浓度。     

Comparison of sample preparation methods combined with gas chromatography with electron‐capture detection for the analysis of multipesticide residues in lotus seeds

Sample preparation is always the major bottleneck in analytical chemistry for the determination of pesticide residues. Different sample preparation methods have been proposed due to the wide variety of pesticides used and the inherent complexity of the matrices. In this study, different sample preparation methods including SPE, matrix solid‐phase dispersion, the quick, easy, cheap, efficient, rugged, and safe method, and a one‐step completion method were compared and evaluated for extracting pesticides from lotus seeds. Analysis was carried out using GC with electron‐capture detection. The results showed that good recoveries for tested pesticides were obtained by using Florisil in the four methods, and the extraction efficiency of the one‐step completion method was superior to the other three methods. The one‐step completion method was confirmed to have good linearity, reproducibility, stability, and recovery for the detection of 36 pesticides in lotus seed samples. The data collected from this study are expected to prove useful in regulating the concentration of the residues in lotus seeds, as well as in protecting human health from the hazards posed by these residues.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定中草药丹参不同部位金属元素的含量

采用HNO₃-HClO₄(4∶1)混酸消化丹参的根、茎和叶,利用火焰原子吸收光谱法对消化液中的五种人体必需的金属元素K,Cu,Zn,Fe,Mg进行了测定。该方法的标准曲线的相关系数为0.998 7～0.999 7,加标回收率为99.7％～104.4％,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于2％。结果显示：K,Cu,Zn,Fe,Mg在丹参根、茎和叶的含量均有以下次序：K＞Mg＞Fe＞Zn＞Cu。丹参叶的K,Cu,Fe,Mg的含量大于根和茎。根、茎、叶中的锌铜比值均较小。该测定结果为研究金属元素K,Cu,Zn,Fe,Mg在丹参中的分布以及金属元素的含量与丹参药效之间的关系提供了有用的数据。     

离子色谱法测定水果及其树叶的含氯量

本文提出用离子色谱法测定水果及其树叶中氯含量的方法,在IC-PAK阴离子柱上,用4 mmol/L邻苯二甲酸(pH4.5)作流动相进行洗脱,电导检测器检测。方法简便、快速,灵敏、准确。氯的最小检出量为0.14μg,相对标准偏差为2.4%,回收率为99.4%。     

植物激素吲哚乙酸电化学生物传感器的研究

本文提出了以绿豆芽叶片组织-二茂铁修饰的碳糊电板(LFMCE)作为植物激素吲哚乙酸传感器的研制，探讨了影响电极性能的因素，初步研究了吲哚乙酸氧化酶处于最优活性的基本条件。实验表明，此电极在NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4(pH5．8)缓冲溶液中对植物生长素有良好的电催化作用，氧化峰电位约在0.42V左右。用循环伏安法测得的氧化峰电流变化值与吲哚乙酸浓度在8-l60μg／mL范围内呈良好的线性关系，检测下限为4．2μg／mL，相关系数为0．9984，在样品回收率的测定中取得满意结果。     

Analysis of non-organic elements in plant foliage using polarised X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

An X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method for the rapid and non-destructive analysis of 30 non-organic elements in plant leaves over five orders of magnitude concentration from several percentage of dry weight to sub-milligram per kilogram, is described. There is a growing need for a simple method of monitoring non-organic trace elements in plant material, especially those which accumulate in soils with application of fertilisers, both inorganic and biosolids. Earlier attempts to use XRF for the analysis of plant material suffered from sensitivity loss due to the high background of organic matrices caused by scattering of the X-ray source. We overcome this by using polarised X-ray sources in a Cartesian geometrical arrangement with sample and energy dispersive detector (EDPXRF), a configuration which can achieve an order of magnitude reduction in background compared with unpolarised sources. Further sensitivity gains are made using a high power tube as a source of primary X-rays and for some analytes employing secondary targets for near-monochromatic excitation. Sample preparation is simple involving only pulverising and briquetting of dried samples. Accuracy is evaluated by comparing data obtained for the suite of NIST plant leaf samples (NIST 1515 apple leaves, NIST 1547 peach leaves, NIST 1570a spinach leaves, NIST 1573a tomato leaves and NIST 1575a pine needles) and tobacco leaf standards CTA-OTL-1 and CTA-VTL-2. The data compare well over the whole concentration range and the method provides a rapid analytical tool for monitoring potentially toxic trace elements in all types of foliage with adequate sensitivity for many purposes.     

基于CASI高光谱数据的作物叶面积指数估算

叶面积指数(LAI)的快速估算对于及时了解作物长势、病虫害监测以及产量评估具有重要意义。利用2012年7月7日在黑河流域张掖市获取的CASI高光谱数据,精确提取出了不同作物的光谱反射率,同时结合地面实测数据,对比分析了宽波段和“红边”植被指数在估算作物LAI方面的潜力,在此基础上,基于波段组合算法,筛选出作物LAI估算的敏感波段,并构建了两个新型光谱指数NDSI和RSI,最后对研究区域作物LAI的空间分布进行了分析。结果表明,在植被覆盖度较低的情况下,宽波段植被指数NDVI对LAI具有较好的估算效果,模型的精度R2与RMSE分别为0.52,0.45(p<0.01);对于“红边”植被指数,由于CI_{red edge}充分考虑了不同的作物类型,其对LAI的估算精度与NDVI一致;利用波段组合算法构建的光谱指数NDSI_{(569.00, 654.80)}和RSI_{(597.6, 654.80)}对LAI估算的效果要优于NDVI与CI_{red edge},其中,NDSI_{(569.00, 654.80)}主要利用了植被光谱“绿峰”和“红谷”附近的波段,模型估算的精度R2可达0.77(p<0.000 1);根据LAI与NDSI_{(569.00, 654.80)}之间的函数关系,绘制作物LAI的空间分布图,经分析,研究区域的西北部LAI值偏低,需增施肥料。研究结果,可为农业管理部门及时掌握作物长势信息、制定施肥策略提供技术支持。     

Effect of seasonal variation on dust samples of a winter fog affected urban environment of India,South East Asia

Physical and chemical characteristics of leaf dust (LD) samples, collected between 2011 and 2013, of a severely winter fog affected and polluted urban environment (Allahabad, India) of Indo-Gangetic plain are presented in this study. The weather changes in the study area are grouped into three effective annual seasonal periods – winter fog, pre-monsoon and post-monsoon. The pronounced impact of seasonal variations is observed in LD characteristics, as ~46% of the winter fog period samples ranges in size between 2.5 and 20 µm with high magnetic susceptibility (up to 938.22 × 10^?8 m³ kg^?1). In comparison, 35% of the LD from pre-monsoon period occurs in the size range of 100–300 µm with low magnetic susceptibility (up to 43.29 × 10^?8 m³ kg^?1). The fractal analysis involving submicroscopic clast dimension of LD also reveals a seasonal influence. The toxic metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr and Ni) in LD belonging to winter fog and post-monsoon periods increase in comparison to samples from pre-monsoon time. Multivariate statistical analysis of trace element data suggests that the LD collected from winter fog and post-monsoon periods originate predominantly from anthropogenic source, whereas those collected during pre-monsoon owe their origin to crustal and anthropogenic sources, mainly. The present study has demonstrated the role of seasonal variation in controlling the physical and chemical properties of particulate matter based on multiple parameter analyses, and the derivation of the dust load from a mixed source (upper continental crust, anthropogenic and vehicular) for the study area for the first time.     

傅里叶变换红外光谱法研究核辐照对三七总皂苷粉成分的影响

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(卷积谱)法对经不同剂量y-射线核辐照的三七总皂苷粉进行了对比研究.辐照剂量不高于9kGy时,三七总皂苷粉样品的化学成分几乎没有发生变化;三七总皂苷粉样品经15kGy及以上的辐照剂量辐照后,可能产生新的化学成分;经21kGy的剂量辐照,三七总皂苷粉产生了人参、三七粉所含的普通成分(非三七总皂苷成分...