Simultaneous extraction of organotin, organolead and organomercury species from soils and litter

Extracting organotin compounds (OTC) from soils is difficult due to the high cation exchange and complexation capacity of soils, and little information about OTC in soils is available. In this study, a new extraction method, combining 1 M CaCl₂, 0.1% tropolone, and glacial acetic acid was developed. Recoveries of mono-substituted OTC from spiked plant litter, and soil samples were improved substantially to 40% compared to classical glacial acetic acid extraction commonly used in sedimentology, yielding <10% recovery in C-rich soil samples. Simultaneously, the recovery of other OTC, trimethyllead and monomethylmercury was satisfactory. The recoveries of most species from the spiked litter, upland and wetland soils exceeded 70%. The new method extracted much more organometallics from unspiked organic soils and litter than microwave- and ultrasound-assisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction, most likely due to exchange of organometallics from the solid phase by Ca²⁺. The method is simple, highly efficient and with low contamination. Together with GC-ICP-mass spectrometry, the method allows the detection of these organometallics in the pg g⁻¹ range and it is particularly suitable for soil and plant materials with low organometallics contents.     

基于光谱特征的雅鲁藏布大峡谷森林枯落物水源涵养能力反演研究

水源涵养是生态系统重要的服务功能，森林作为一种复杂的生态系统，其组成部分对于水源涵养的贡献率各不相同；森林枯落物直接覆盖于地表，既来自于林冠层也抑制土壤层的水分蒸散，因此枯落物层在水源涵养功能中发挥了重要作用。遥感和高光谱技术为远距离识别面状区域的水源涵养能力提供了解决方案，特别在高原地区，遥感是获取地表信息的快速手段。以雅鲁藏布大峡谷为研究区，用ASD(便携式地物)光谱仪测定主要树种(高山松、林芝云杉和川滇高山栎)的叶片高光谱数据并构建植被指数，同时，通过样地采样获取枯落物样本并计算样本的持水拦蓄性能，然后建立植被指数与有效拦蓄量的多元回归模型。在此基础上，基于Sentinel-2影像反演大峡谷主要树种枯落物的水源涵养能力分布情况，最后结合验证点对反演模型进行精度评价。结果显示：（1）三类树种的叶片反射率趋势相似，川滇高山栎的反射率最高，高山松次之，林芝云杉最低；（2）枯落物的有效拦蓄量从大到小排序为：林芝云杉(48.36 t·ha-1)>川滇高山栎(39.24 t·ha-1)>高山松(32.32 t·ha-1)。林芝云杉枯落物的分解程度和蓄积量均最高，因此持水拦蓄能力最强；川滇高山栎的革质叶片不利于分解堆积，进而限制蓄水能力；高山松含有较多油脂，不易被水浸湿，导致持水能力较弱。（3）通过Person相关系数分析和多元线性回归模型得知，叶片蜡质参数和衰减程度越高，枯落物的水源涵养能力越弱；植被生长态势越好、色素和叶片水分含量越高，其水源涵养能力越强。（4）枯落物水源涵养能力反演模型的精度评价结果良好，高山松、林芝云杉和川滇高山栎的样本检验点拟合优度R2分别为0.943，0.815和0.812，均方根误差RMSE分别为1.597，2.270和1.953，表明模型可以用于大峡谷森林枯落物水源涵养能力的预测分布研究。     

近红外光谱技术在天然草地植被管理中的应用

植被是监测草地健康和生产力的主要依据,其变化是草地生态系统退化和恢复状况的最直接体现。及时掌握草地植被的变化信息是防止草地退化、实现草地生态系统可持续发展的首要条件。近红外光谱技术以其简便、快捷等优越性广泛应用于不同领域,在草地资源管理中有巨大的应用潜力和前景。文章介绍了近红外光谱技术的原理、特点及其在草地植被物种组成、草地植物茎叶比、凋落物及牧草品质测定等方面的应用特点,综合阐述了近红外光谱技术在草地植被管理中的应用现状,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Messung des Energieumsatzes in biologischen Systemen mit stabilen Isotopen

Abstract

Effects of millipedes and earthworms on the decomposition of ¹⁵N-labelled litter of winter oilseed rape were investigated in a microcosm field experiment over a period of 264 days on an oat field near Göttingen managed by integrated farming.

A total of 32 microcosms were filled with defaunated soil. ¹⁵N-labelled rape litter was placed either on top of the soil or buried into the soil simulating mulching and ploughing, respectively. To the microcosms nine adult individuals of Blaniulus guttulatus (Diplopoda) and two of Aporrectodea caliginosa (Lumbricidae) were added separately or in combination.

In general, the presence of the animals accelerated the decomposition rate of the litter material. The effects were most pronounced in the presence of Aporrectodea caliginosa. The total amount of nitrate, ammonium and the amount of ¹⁵N leached from the microcosms was increased in the presence of earthworms or of both earthworms and millipedes. Both species proved to be important members of the detritus food web of the agricultural system studied.