Study on the impact of polar stratospheric clouds on high resolution mid-IR limb emission spectra

Satellite observations of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in the mid-infrared by high resolution limb emission spectrometers like the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding have been simulated. For particles with radius the scattered tropospheric radiance accounts for a significant part of the continuum signal and leads to absorption line features overlaid over the stratospheric emission spectrum. The scattered radiance shows a strong dependence on particle size up to about radius with a maximum around 3-4. The contribution of scattered radiation depends heavily on tropospheric cloud coverage and earth surface temperature. Distinction of PSCs of different composition is possible for small particles due to differences in the imaginary part of the refractive index. For particles with radii between 1 and the simulated spectra for various PSC compositions differ due to different real parts of the refractive index. For larger particles no distinction is possible any more. Solar radiance scattered by PSCs is important for wavenumbers larger than about . For a forward scattering geometry with 30° between the position of the sun and the limb viewing direction solar contribution exceeds the terrestrial scattered radiation by about a factor of 10.     

Comparison of single and multiple scattering approaches for the simulation of limb-emission observations in the mid-IR

The validity of single scattering radiative transfer calculations for simulation of limb-emission measurements of clouds in the mid-infrared spectral region was investigated by comparison with a multiple scattering model. For in limb direction optically thin clouds, like polar stratospheric clouds, errors of the single scattering scheme range below 3%. For optically thick clouds deviations are below 3% in case of low single scattering albedo (ω₀=0.24) increasing up to 10-30% for ω₀=0.84. Clouds which are optically thick in limb, but thin in nadir direction, can cause limb radiances which are by a factor of 1.7 higher than the blackbody radiance at cloud altitude.     

利用空间外差光谱技术进行紫外高分辨率大气散射信号探测

羟基OH对于人类理解中间层化学成分非常重要,它是大气光化学反应中重要的氧化剂,OH在308 nm波段受到太阳能量激发,发射出OH A2Σ＋-X２Π（0,0）荧光信号。为了探测中间层大气中OH自由基的紫外共振荧光发射信号,从复杂背景信号中分离目标信号,研制了中高层大气OH自由基超分辨空间外差光谱仪,光谱范围为308.2～309.8 nm,光谱分辨率为0.008 25 nm。临边观测主要探测大气散射信号,能量来源为大气中的粒子,包括大气分子与气溶胶、云等对太阳能量的散射作用。中高层大气OH自由基超分辨空间外差光谱仪基于空间外差光谱技术,可以在设计的闪耀波长范围内获得极高的光谱分辨率,适用于大气成分的精细探测。通过在前置或后置光学系统中加入柱面镜,总视场内的场景被分成多个视场切片,每一个视场切片的干涉图分别成像到对应的探测器行上。利用空间外差光谱仪具有空间维分层成像功能,临边观测时可以同时获取不同高度层大气吸收光谱的散射辐射信号,无需像传统临边探测遥感器在不同高度层进行扫描来获取大气高度维的廓线信息。为了验证中高层大气OH自由基超分辨空间外差光谱仪的临边散射信号探测能力与对观测几何的敏感性,进行了地面临边观测实验,探测紫外308 nm波段大气散射信号。模拟临边观测几何,选取晴朗无云的一天,在空旷场地对大气散射信号进行观测。由于仪器基于空间外差光谱技术,需要对干涉数据进行干涉误差修正与光谱复原。对一段观测时间内间隔10分钟的干涉数据进行光谱复原并定标,得到最终临边观测光谱。由于散射信号的主要来源为大气分子对太阳光的散射作用,因此光谱中应包含太阳光谱高分辨率精细特征信息。从高分辨率太阳光谱中选取三个特征信息窗,分析观测光谱中对应波段,三个特征信息窗完全匹配,验证了中高层大气OH自由基超分辨空间外差光谱仪的超高分辨率光谱探测能力和光谱精细信息提取能力。将太阳辐射计实时测量获得的气溶胶光学厚度及根据观测时间计算的太阳天顶角与太阳方位角输入辐射传输模型SCIATRAN,结合对应日期与经纬度的大气廓线数据库,得到模拟光谱,将实测结果与辐射传输模型结果进行比对,两者残差较小。实测结果与模拟结果存在的残差,可能是由于大气环境参数并没有完全符合实测状态,后续可使用当地实时温湿压廓线对模拟数据库进行替换,使辐射传输模型更接近实际状态。与辐射传输模型对比的结果验证了中高层大气OH自由基超分辨空间外差光谱仪的散射信号探测能力与对观测几何的敏感性,验证了在轨探测多谱段、宽谱段大气散射光谱与OH目标信号的可行性,为在轨探测OH目标信号提供了理论与实验基础。     

星载天底/临边大气紫外全景探测仪光学设计

星载紫外全景探测仪已成为空间大气遥感领域的迫切需求,根据天底和临边同时探测的研究目标,提出了一种天底视场和临边视场共像面的全新紫外全景探测仪光学系统结构,设计了一个中心波长360nm、带宽20nm、中心视场10°、环形视场360°×(70.31°~72.71°)、焦距5mm、相对孔径1/3.3的全景探测仪光学系统.利用光学系统的畸变增加边缘视场的能量,同时利用光阑像差产生的有效像差渐晕来提高边缘视场的像面照度,边缘视场的相对照度达到98%以上.将天底视场光路和临边视场光路建立多重结构,利用ZEMXA-EE软件的多重结构优化功能同时优化设计天底视场光路和临边视场光路,设计结果表明,天底和临边视场的光学传递函数均大于0.6@38.5lp/mm,满足设计指标要求,且体积和质量小,适合空间应用.     

Effect of types of proximal femoral fractures on physical function such as lower limb function and Activities of Daily Living

Objectives: This study aimed to assess physical function such as lower limb function and Activities of Daily Living after surgery for proximal femoral fractures ( unstable medial femoral neck fracture and trochanteric fracture). Methods: This study enrolled 68 patients with proximal femoral fractures. Isometric knee extension strength (IKES), the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) hip score, and the number of days required to develop straight leg raising, transfer, and T-caneassisted gait abilities to become independent were assessed. Patients were classified based on the types of proximal femoral fractures, namely unstable medial femoral neck fracture (bipolar hip arthroplasty [BHA] group), stable trochanteric fracture (S group), and unstable trochanteric fracture (US group). Results: IKES and the JOA hip score were significantly better in the BHA group than in the S and US groups. IKES and the JOA hip score were significantly worse in the US group than in the BHA and S groups. Both transfer and T-cane-assisted gait abilities of patients in the BHA and S groups were indifferent. However, all physical functions were significantly worse in the US group. Conclusions: Our study results suggested that physical therapists plan the different rehabilitation program for the patients with proximal femoral fractures who were classified into three types, namely unstable medial femoral neck fracture, stable trochanteric fracture, and unstable trochanteric fracture, instead of two types.     

一种用于大气探测的紫外成像仪光学系统设计

提出了一种将全景成像系统应用到大气临边探测的光学系统设计方案。首先考虑到特殊的工作波段以及创新性应用,根据应用技术指标,在传统全景环形透镜的基础上,结合探测器尺寸限制,精细调整四个球面的曲率半径,以便得到最佳光学传递函数。然后基于像差理论设计中继镜组系统,补偿全景环形透镜产生的像差,采用折射率n以及阿贝常数ν不同的双分离的正负透镜组合,负透镜采用熔石英,正透镜采用氟化钙,从而使色差最小。最后运用CODE-V光学设计软件对系统进行优化,列出重要的公差参数,为后续加工装调提出要求。优化结果表明,光学系统在各个视场的光学传递函数均达到了0.7以上,各视场能量集中度为80%的弥散圆直径均小于11 μm,完全满足设计指标要求,也证明了将全景环形成像系统应用到紫外波段大气临边探测的方案是可行的。     

Infrared radiative transfer modelling in a 3D scattering cloudy atmosphere: Application to limb sounding measurements of cirrus

The Monte Carlo cloud scattering forward model (McClouds_FM) has been developed to simulate limb radiative transfer in the presence of cirrus clouds, for the purposes of simulating cloud contaminated measurements made by an infrared limb sounding instrument, e.g. the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS). A reverse method three-dimensional Monte Carlo transfer model is combined with a line-by-line model for radiative transfer through the non-cloudy atmosphere to explicitly account for the effects of multiple scattering by the clouds. The ice cloud microphysics are characterised by a size distribution of randomly oriented ice crystals, with the single scattering properties of the distribution determined by accurate calculations accounting for non-spherical habit.A comparison of McClouds_FM simulations and real MIPAS spectra of cirrus shows good agreement. Of particular interest are several noticeable spectral features (i.e. H₂O absorption lines) in the data that are replicated in the simulations: these can only be explained by upwelling tropospheric radiation scattered into the line-of-sight by the cloud ice particles.     

Two-dimensional characterization of atmospheric profile retrievals from limb sounding observations

Limb sounders measure atmospheric radiation that is dependent on atmospheric temperature and constituents that have a radial and angular distribution in Earth-centered coordinates. In order to evaluate the sensitivity of a limb retrieval to radial and angular distributions of trace gas concentrations, we perform and characterize one-dimensional (vertical) and two-dimensional (radial and angular) atmospheric profile retrievals. Our simulated atmosphere for these retrievals is a distribution of carbon monoxide (CO), which represents a plume off the coast of south-east Asia. Both the one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) limb retrievals are characterized by evaluating their averaging kernels and error covariances on a radial and angular grid that spans the plume. We apply this 2D characterization of a limb retrieval to a comparison of the 2D retrieval with the 1D (vertical) retrieval. By characterizing a limb retrieval in two dimensions the location of the air mass where the retrievals are most sensitive can be determined. For this test case the retrievals are most sensitive to the CO concentrations about 2° latitude in front of the tangent point locations. We find the information content for the 2D retrieval is an order of magnitude larger and the degrees of freedom is about a factor of two larger than that of the 1D retrieval primarily because the 2D retrieval can estimate angular distributions of CO concentrations. This 2D characterization allows the radial and angular resolution as well as the degrees of freedom and information content to be computed for these limb retrievals. We also use the 2D averaging kernel to develop a strategy for validation of a limb retrieval with an in situ measurement.     

下肢负重外骨骼机器人的初步设计

研究设计了一种能够增强人体负重的下肢外骨骼机器人,该负重外骨骼机器人具有8个自由度,可实现髋关节的外展与内收、屈/伸运动;膝关节的屈/伸运动以及踝关节的弯曲运动。根据人体步态分析研究出各个关节的运动角度范围,结合目标负重进行结构优化设计。对机器人的结构进行简化,建立了外骨骼机器人的连杆模型,根据其几何关系,采用D-H准则对外骨骼机器人进行了数学建模。以计算机、六轴运动控制卡和STM32为核心构建了控制系统,结合ZMP(Zero Moment Point)零力矩点稳定性判据及三次样条插值进行了步态规划,并将此步态规划应用于样机上。样机实验结果表明,此结构能够满足不同体型的人进行穿戴,并能够根据规划的步态轻松行走,验证了其结构和控制系统的合理性。     

Fast weighting functions for retrievals from limb scattering measurements

The satellite-borne UV-visible-NIR spectrometers SCIAMACHY and OSIRIS perform operational measurements of the Earth's limb radiance with global coverage. The vertically resolved atmospheric composition is retrieved from the measurements. We have computed synthetic limb measurements and weighting functions (WFs) with several orders of scattering and surface reflection. Comparisons reveal the wavelength-dependent contributions of single scattering and the second orders of scattering and surface reflection. We have also performed test retrievals of the and profiles with the program package SCIARAYS. They prove that the single scattering approximation is sufficient for the calculation of the WFs during the retrieval process. We conclude that algorithms for the analysis of limb scattering measurements can be accelerated by neglecting higher orders of scattering in the WF calculations.