CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDIES OF AN 84 GHz, 500 kW, CW GYROTRON

The feasibility of an 84 GHz, 500 kW, CW gyrotron for ECRH on an experimental tokamak will be presented in this paper. Mode competition and mode selection procedures are carefully investigated by considering various candidate modes and the TE_10,4 mode is chosen as the operating mode. A conventional cylindrical cavity resonator with weak input and output tapers and parabolic roundings is considered for interaction studies. Self-consistent, both single mode and time-dependent, calculations are carried out and power and efficiencies are computed for a typical set of beam parameters. The results show that an output power of well over 500 kW, CW and efficiency around 40% can be reached without a depressed collector.     

高强度高电导率聚乙炔的合成——醚类溶剂的结构对性能的影响

通过选用不同醚类结构做溶剂加热回流Ti(OBu)_4-AIEt_3催化剂,并采用非溶剂聚合方法进行乙炔聚合发现,所得HPPA膜的强度和电导率都有了较大提高。其中直链醚制得的PA膜强度(抗张强度大于100MPa)和空气稳定性比用环醚得到的PA膜高得多,但用前者时的乙炔聚合速率远低于后者。两体系得到的HPPA膜的碘掺杂电导率值相近(～10~3S/cm),拉伸后可达10~4S/cm量级。SEM、TEM及IR光谱的结果表明,不同醚制得的PA膜的纤维束直径及顺式含量有较大差别。     

Calibration of a quenching and deformation differential dilatometer upon heating and cooling: Thermal expansion of Fe and Fe-Ni alloys

Dilatometry is a technique for precise measurement of thermal dilatation of materials during heating or cooling. A procedure has been presented for calibration of a differential dilatometer operating with electromagnetic heating for metallic specimens both upon heating and cooling as well as under uniaxial compressive and tensile loading. The dilation signal has been calibrated for both heating and cooling and for uniaxial loading (compressive and tensile) using platinum or iron reference specimens, for which recommended dilational data are available. The ferro- to paramagnetic transition (characterised by the Curie temperature) of pure iron or iron-based alloys has been adopted to calibrate the temperature in the dilatometric measurement under different loading modes during heating and cooling. On this basis calibrated data for the thermal expansion coefficients of Fe and Fe-Ni alloys have been obtained.     

金属铜升温熔化过程的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法模拟了金属铜的升温熔化过程.原子间作用势采用FS (Finnis-Sinclair)势，结构分析采用双体分布函数(PCF)、均方位移(MSD)等方法.计算结果表明,在连续升温过程中，金属铜在1444 K熔化，在该熔化点的扩散系数为4.31×10－9 m2•s－1.上述结论与实验值相当接近，并且比之采用EAM镶嵌原子势所作模拟得到的结果更佳，说明FS势可以用来处理象液铜这样较复杂的无序体系.本文指出了升温速率在金属熔化过程中所起的作用.     

Analysis of the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics in three linear aromatic polyester systems

Melt or cold crystallization kinetics has a strong bearing on morphology and the extent of crystallization, which significantly affects the physical properties of polymeric materials. Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics are often analyzed by the classical Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov (JMAK) model or one of its variants, even though they are based on an isothermal assumption. As a result, during the nonisothermal (e.g. constant heating or cooling rate) crystallization of polymeric material, different sets of model parameters are required to describe crystallization at different rates, thereby increasing the total number of model parameters. In addition, due to the uncorrelated nature of these model parameters with the cooling or heating rate, accurate modeling at any intermediate condition is not possible. In the present work, these two limitations of the conventional approach have been eliminated by exhibiting the existence of a functional relationship between cooling or heating rate and effective activation energy during nonisothermal melt or cold crystallization in three linear aromatic polyesters. Furthermore, it has been shown that when the JMAK model is used in conjunction with this functional relationship, it is possible to precisely predict the experimental nonisothermal melt or cold crystallization kinetics at any linear cooling or heating rate with a single set of model parameters.     

微波－气相－热压法分解高纯铂的研究

本文研究了微波气相热压法新技术分解高纯铂在密闭的聚四氟乙烯高压罐中，以微波瞬间加热混合酸产生的高压、纯净蒸气分解金属铂，此法避免了酸中杂质的沾污以制备供高纯铂分析的试液，提高了痕量杂质分析的准确度和降低检测限     

Ring-opening reactions of arylvinylidenecyclopropanes with diaryl diselenide upon heating: formation of 1,2-diarylselenocyclopentene derivatives

Arylvinylidenecyclopropanes undergo a novel reaction upon heating at 150 °C with diaryl diselenide to give the corresponding 1,2-diarylselenocyclopentene derivatives in good to high yields within 1.5 h. The further transformation of 1,2-diarylselenocyclopentene derivatives has been disclosed.     

Combustibles,fuels and their combustion products: A view through carbon isotopes

Stable (i.e. non-radioactive) carbon-isotope composition (δ¹³C) in fuels has been extensively used as an indicator of the processes leading to the generation of their parent crude-oil. With the example of those used in Paris (France), this preliminary study isotopically characterizes fuels and combustibles, as well as the isotopic relations existing with their combustion by-products, i.e. gases (CO₂) and particles (bulk carbon). Results show that δ¹³C in fuels is clearly related to their physical state, with natural gas being strongly depleted in ¹³C while coal yields the highest δ¹³C, and liquid fuels display intermediate values. This relation is also valid for combustion gases, although δ¹³C values of combustion particles form a homogeneous range within which no clear distinction is observed. Combustion processes are accompanied by carbon-isotope fractionation (noted Δ¹³C) resulting from the combustion being incomplete. Carbon-isotope fractionation is strictly negative (Δ¹³C = ?1.3‰) during the formation of combustion gases, but generally positive in particle formation even if values close to zero are observed. Using simple mixing equations for describing the closed system formed by fuel, CO₂ and carbonaceous particles, we discuss the carbon budget for spark-ignition (unleaded gasoline) and diesel engines. Stable carbon isotopes corroborate the already-proved superior efficiency of diesel combustion mode compared with spark ignition, as carbon is preferentially transformed into CO₂.     

Prospects of anionic nanolipoplexes in nanotherapy: transmission electron microscopy and light scattering studies

Currently nanosystems composed of polynucleotides and lipid vesicles (nanolipoplexes) are considered to be promising tools for gene therapeutics. Successful in vivo application of these vectors depends on their physicochemical, technological and biological characteristics including morphology, size distribution, molecular interactions and stability. Anionic nanoliposomes (DPPC:DCP:CHOL) were prepared by two different techniques, namely the conventional thin-film hydration method followed by extrusion, and the heating method (HM), in which no volatile solvent or detergent is used. A non-viral and non-cationic gene transfer vector was constructed by incorporating plasmid DNA (pcDNA3.1/His B/lacZ) to the HM-nanoliposomes by the electrostatic mediation of Ca²⁺ ions. Transfection efficiency of the nanolipoplexes was evaluated using a human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE14o-) in the presence of serum. Particle characterisation, stability of the formulations and lipid–DNA interaction studies were performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and light scattering. TEM pictures of nanolipoplexes showed presence of two to four closely packed vesicles with signs of fusion. Efficient delivery of plasmid DNA and subsequent β-galactosidase expression was achieved using the anionic nanolipoplexes. Transfection efficiency increased with lipid:DNA ratio up to 7:1 (w/w), where transfection efficiency was 12-fold higher than in untreated cells. Further increase in lipid ratio decreased transfection. These nanolipoplexes appear to be safe, stable and efficient in the protection and delivery of DNA to different cells and tissues.     

Evolution of Er^3＋ Distribution in the Oxyfluoride Glass Ceramics with Heating

The distribution characteristics of Er3+ ions doped in the oxyfluoride glass ceramics containing LaF3 nanocrystals heat-treated at 650 ℃ for different durations were investigated. The results of the integral absorption cross-section analysis demonstrated that the partition fraction of Er3+ in LaF3 nanocrystals increases with prolonging of heating time. The anomalous phenomena of Er3+ emissions in the up-and the down-conversion fluorescence spectra are well explained based on the calculated results.