Large-scale computer simulation of fully developed turbulent channel flow with heat transfer

Recently, with the advent of supercomputers, there has been considerable interest in the use of direct numerical simulation to obtain information about turbulent shear flow at low Reynolds number. This paper presents a pseudospectral technique to solve the full three-dimensional time-dependent Navier-Stokes and advection-diffusion equations without the use of subgrid-scale modelling. The technique has not been previously used for fully developed turbulent channel flow simulation and is based on methods applied in other contexts. The emphasis of this paper is to provide a reasonably detailed account of how the simulation is done rather than to present new calculations of turbulence. The details of an algorithm for turbulent channel flow simulation and the grid and time step sizes needed to integrate through transient behaviour to steady state turbulence have not been published before and are presented here. Results from a Cray-2 simulation of fully developed turbulent flow in a channel with heat transfer are presented along with a critical comparison between experiment and computation. The first- and second-order moments agree well with experimental measurements; the agreement is poor for higher-order moments such as the skewness and flatness near the walls of the channel. Detailed information given about the effects of spatial grid resolution on a computed results is important for estimating the size of the computation required to study various aspects of a turbulent flow.     

Global Stability to Steady Supersonic Rayleigh Flows in One-Dimensional Duct∗

Heat exchange plays an important role in hydrodynamical systems, which is an interesting topic in theory and application. In this paper, the authors consider the global stability of steady supersonic Rayleigh flows for the one-dimensional compressible Euler equations with heat exchange, under the small perturbations of initial and boundary conditions in a finite rectilinear duct.     

汉语言说者如何切入当代西方知识论—一种基于人工智能与儒家“正名论”的混合视角

肇始于“盖蒂尔问题”的当代西方的知识论研究与近代西方的认识论研究不同：前者更聚焦于知识证成之规范性维度,后者更聚焦于知识构成的事实性维度。除了专业的分析哲学专家之外,汉语哲学界对于现代西方知识论（而不是近代西方认识论）的接受度并不高。这在相当程度上可能是因为,基于英语思维的西方研究者对于“知识”“信念”“证成”等核心概念的理解方式与基于汉语思维的中国读者的理解方式有所不同。不过,我们也不能由此忽略现代西方知识论研究的两面性：一方面,现代西方知识论的很多典型话题的设置与展开方式的确是受到了“二战”后英语文化的特殊性的影响;另一方面,西方知识论学者对于信念证成的规范性状态的探究,对于各种非西方文明的合理性对话框架的构建依然具有一定的辐射意义。在这样的情况下,我们中国的知识论研究者就需要两个中介性步骤,以便将西方知识论的话题设置方式与研究方式中过分偏向于西方文化的特点予以过滤：第一,通过人工智能对于信念证成过程的机器复验,来反过来检测西方知识论理论的某些“伪普遍性”（特别是通过对于“框架问题”的揭露来体现西方命题逻辑在处理语义相关性方面所暴露出来的无能）;第二,通过对于以“正名论”为代表的汉语证成方式（以及在其背后起作用的基于词项之基本性的信息加工过程）的现代化重构,为一种能够兼容中西思维并能够为机器复演的可能性敞开自身的新知识论打下基础。这样,我们才能有希望将目前英语世界中流行的知识论研究,真正改造为具有“世界哲学”气息的知识论研究。     

On Estimation of Temperature Uncertainty Using the Second Order Adjoint Problem

The uncertainty of temperature prediction from the heat flux error is estimated using first and second order adjoint equations. The adjoint codes developed for the inverse heat transfer problems provide the uncertainty estimation for the corresponding forward problems. Numerical tests corroborate the feasibility of fast uncertainty estimation using Hessian maximum eigenvalue obtained via second order adjoint equations.     

Turbulence Closure with a Topography-parameter-free Single Equation Model

A new topography-parameter-free turbulence closure, based on a transport equation for the pseudo eddy viscosity, is described. The model is tested against experimental data of several flow cases across the Mach number range and compared to Menter's single equation model and to the Spalart-Allmaras model. The main conclusion is that the new closure outperforms the other two models in both low and high speed flows.     

Diffusion study of multi-organic layers in OLEDs by ToF-SIMS

A model organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with structure of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq₃)/N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis[1-naphthy-(1,1′-diphenyl)]-4,4′-diamine (NPB)/indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass was fabricated for diffusion study by ToF-SIMS. The results demonstrate that ToF-SIMS is capable of delineating the structure of multi-organic layers in OLEDs and providing specific molecular information to aid deciphering the diffusion phenomena. Upon heat treatment, the solidity or hardness of the device was reduced. Complicated chemical reaction might occur at the NPB/ITO interface and results in the formation of a buffer layer, which terminates the upper diffusion of ions from underlying ITO.     

The role of the dynamic pressure in stationary heat conduction of a rarefied polyatomic gas

The effect of the dynamic pressure (non-equilibrium pressure) on stationary heat conduction in a rarefied polyatomic gas at rest is elucidated by the theory of extended thermodynamics. It is shown that this effect is observable in a non-polytropic gas. Numerical studies are presented for a para-hydrogen gas as a typical example.     

Heats of displacement of hydrogen from palladium by noble gases

It has been observed that noble gases, such as helium, neon and argon produce heat evolution when contacted with Pd powder partially saturated with hydrogen. These phenomena have been studied with flow-through adsorption microcalorimetry. The observed exothermic effects are comparable to those usually associated with the heat of sorption of hydrogen in palladium. It is suggested that the noble gases displace the adsorbed H species from the surface of Pd, causing their reabsorption in the Pd lattice with the exothermic heat of PdH bonds formation, or the formation of H₂, both heat evolutions being observed with a flow-through microcalorimeter.     

Classical fluids of negative heat capacity

It is shown that new parametersX can be defined such that the heat capacity C_xT(S/T)_x is negative, even when the canonical ensemble [i.e., at fixed T=(U/S)_Y and YX] is stable. This implies an extension of the classical theory of polytropes from ideal gases to general fluids. As examples of negative heat capacity systems we treat blackbody radiation and general gas systems with nonsingular _T. For the case of a simple ideal gas we even exhibit an apparatus which enforces a constraint X(p, V)=const that makes C_x<0. We then show that it is possible to infer the statistical mechanics of canonicallyunstable systems-for which even the traditional heat capacities are negative-by imposing constraints that stabilize the associated noncanonical ensembles. Two explicit models are discussed.     

Laser produced plasma: A pumping source for cadmium photo-ionization laser

We report laser oscillations in Cd II on 4d ⁹5s ^{2 2} D _5/2 − 4d ¹⁰5p ² P _3/2 transition at 441.6 nm using laser produced tungsten plasma as a pumping source. Mach Zehnder interferometer is used to measure electron density. Design and working of the crossed heat pipe used in the studies is discussed.