Syntheses of macrocyclic bisbibenzyls on solid support

We describe a route for the polymer supported total synthesis of the cyclic bisbibenzyls of the isoplagiochin type found in liverworts. TentaGel^® resins were used as solid support for a sequence involving Suzuki, Wittig and hydrogenation protocols. The polymer linked intermediates could be characterized by HR-MAS NMR. This route is to be extended to the synthesis of small libraries of differently halogenated derivatives.     

LC/ESI-MS n and 1H HR-MAS NMR analytical methods as useful taxonomical tools within the genus Cystoseira C. Agardh (Fucales; Phaeophyceae)

Species of the genus Cystoseira are particularly hard to discriminate, due to the complexity of their morphology, which can be influenced by their phenological state and ecological parameters. Our study emphasized on the relevance of two kinds of analytical tools, (1) LC/ESI-MSⁿ and (2) ¹H HR-MAS NMR, also called in vivo NMR, to identify Cystoseira specimens at the specific level and discuss their taxonomy. For these analyses, samples were collected at several locations in Brittany (France), where Cystoseira baccata, C. foeniculacea, C. humilis, C. nodicaulis and C. tamariscifolia were previously reported. To validate our chemical procedure, the sequence of the ITS2 has been obtained for each species to investigate their phylogenetic relationships at a molecular level. Our study highlighted the consistency of the two physico-chemical methods, compared to “classical” molecular approach, in studying taxonomy within the genus Cystoseira. Especially, LC/ESI-MSⁿ and phylogenetic analyses converged into the discrimination of two taxonomical groups among the 5 species. The occurrence of some specific signals in the ¹H HR-MAS NMR spectra and/or some characteristic chemical compounds during LC/ESI-MSⁿ analysis could be regarded as discriminating factors. LC/ESI-MSⁿ and ¹H HR-MAS NMR turned out to be two relevant and innovative techniques to discriminate taxonomically this complex genus.     

代谢组学方法分析鸡胚胎发育过程中脑代谢物

本文应用高分辨魔角旋转核磁共振（HR-MAS NMR）方法对发育过程中（孵化12天至出壳后1天）鸡胚胎大脑、小脑和视叶3种脑组织中的代谢物含量进行了测定,并利用模式识别方法对整体代谢特征进行了归类分析. 结果表明：胚胎发育过程中不同脑区的代谢物组成存在差异,可能与这些脑区的功能及发育特征等的不同有关. 在NMR方法检测到的多种小分子代谢物中,γ-氨基丁酸、N-乙酰天冬氨酸、牛磺酸、肌醇以及胆碱等在鸡胚胎脑组织中的分布有区域性差异,这些差异也是区分大脑、小脑和视叶组织的特征性代谢物.     

HR-MAS NMR研究大鼠颞叶、海马和内嗅皮质的生理代谢表征

颞叶结构参与了多种中枢退行性疾病的发生和发展. 了解生理状态下大鼠的这些脑区的代谢特征可以为动物模型的病理研究提供基础数据和参考. 本文采用高分辨魔角旋转核磁共振（HR-MAS NMR）波谱技术和主成分分析（PCA）方法对S.D.大鼠双侧颞叶、海马和内嗅皮质的代谢物进行了分析,结果发现这3个脑区的代谢表征存在显著差异. 颞叶区的N-乙酰天门冬氨酸和牛磺酸的浓度最高,肌醇和肌酸的浓度最低;海马区的甘氨酸和胆碱的浓度最高;而在内嗅皮质区则是谷氨酰氨的浓度最高. 另外,还证实了HR-MAS NMR-PCA技术是研究生理和病理状态下脑组织各亚结构代谢表征的一种有效的手段.     

Improvements in lipid suppression for 1H NMR-based metabolomics: Applications to solution-state and HR-MAS NMR in natural and in vivo samples

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of intact biological samples often show strong contributions from lipids, which overlap with signals of interest from small metabolites. Pioneering work by Diserens et al. demonstrated that the relative differences in diffusivity and relaxation of lipids versus small metabolites could be exploited to suppress lipid signals, in high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR spectroscopy. In solution-state NMR, suspended samples can exhibit very broad water signals, which are challenging to suppress. Here, improved water suppression is incorporated into the sequence, and the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequence (CPMG) train is replaced with a low-power adiabatic spinlock that reduces heating and spectral artefacts seen with longer CPMG filters. The result is a robust sequence that works well in both HR-MAS as well as static solution-state samples. Applications are also extended to include in vivo organisms. For solution-state NMR, samples containing significant amount of fats such as milk and hemp hearts seeds are used to demonstrate the technique. For HR-MAS, living earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and freshwater shrimp (Hyalella azteca) are used for in vivo applications. Lipid suppression techniques are essential for non-invasive NMR-based analysis of biological samples with a high-lipid content and adds to the suite of experiments advantageous for in vivo environmental metabolomics.     

Whole-cell spectroscopy is a convenient tool to assist molecular identification of cultivatable marine bacteria and to investigate their adaptive metabolism

Recent developments in whole-cell spectroscopic methods allow rapid characterization of microorganisms of interest to human health, but have yet to be widely applied to marine microbiological studies. In this study of bacteria associated with the kelp Laminaria digitata, we have isolated 18 epiphytic bacterial strains from several thalli, sequenced their 16S rDNA, built corresponding phylogenetic trees, and characterized them using spectroscopic methods. Molecular taxonomy revealed Gram⁺Actinobacteria and Gram⁻Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Twelve marine reference strains (Gram⁺Firmicutes, and Gram⁻Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes) were treated accordingly. Whole-cell MALDI-TOF MS spectral profiles of 29 of the 30 strains were built into a database against which 16 replicate spectra of each strain were compared and categorized into groups. The proton HR-MAS NMR stack plots allowed visual delineation into taxonomic groups according to their most common peaks, in agreement with identifiable compounds from corresponding D₂O solution spectra. With both methods, these groups corresponded to taxa identified by 16S rDNA sequences, MALDI-TOF MS being more discriminative than HR-MAS NMR. Culture age did not influence the spectral signatures in both approaches. Most cells grown under minimal conditions (VNSS medium) afforded HR-MAS NMR profiles markedly different to those grown in enriched conditions (ZoBell medium), indicating different adaptive metabolic responses between the two media. Spectral signatures obtained under strictly controlled conditions can be used as rapid and reliable tools for taxonomic purposes and as markers of physiological status.     

Solid-phase synthesis of hydrazinopeptides in Boc and Fmoc strategies monitored by HR-MAS NMR

With the aim of finding good conditions to incorporate hydrazino moieties into peptidic sequences of biological interest, we developed two strategies towards solid-phase synthesis of hydrazinopeptides: a stepwise methodology in which a hydrazinoacid was introduced as a normal aminoacid and a semi-convergent one in which the hydrazino moiety is incorporated as a pseudodipeptide building block. HR-MAS NMR analyses were run in order to monitor the reaction and to improve the reaction conditions.     

Temperature-Gradient-Directed NMR Monitoring of a [3 + 3]-Cyclocondensation Reaction Between Alkynone and Ethyl 2-Amino-1H-indole-3-carboxylate Toward the Synthesis of Pyrimido[1,2-a]indole Catalyzed by Cs2CO3

We describe a NMR strategy to resolve temperature-gradient-monitored real-time chemical reaction involving a [3 + 3]-cyclocondensation reaction between alkynone and ethyl 2-amino-1H-indole-3-carboxylate toward the synthesis of pyrimido[1,2-a]indole catalyzed by Cs₂CO₃. The in situ NMR study clearly indicates that the reactant undergoes [3 + 3]-cyclocondensation reaction through a concerted mechanism, resulting in the product formation. The detailed NMR spectroscopic data led to the optimization of the reaction conditions and quantitative analysis of the product accurately and efficiently.

Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® to view the free supplemental file.     

HR-MAS NMR Applications in Plant Metabolomics

Metabolomics is used to reduce the complexity of plants and to understand the underlying pathways of the plant phenotype. The metabolic profile of plants can be obtained by mass spectrometry or liquid-state NMR. The extraction of metabolites from the sample is necessary for both techniques to obtain the metabolic profile. This extraction step can be eliminated by making use of high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR. In this review, an HR-MAS NMR-based workflow is described in more detail, including used pulse sequences in metabolomics. The pre-processing steps of one-dimensional HR-MAS NMR spectra are presented, including spectral alignment, baseline correction, bucketing, normalisation and scaling procedures. We also highlight some of the models which can be used to perform multivariate analysis on the HR-MAS NMR spectra. Finally, applications of HR-MAS NMR in plant metabolomics are described and show that HR-MAS NMR is a powerful tool for plant metabolomics studies.     

核磁共振技术在生物组织中的应用

在生物组织内部存在大量的生化、生理反应以及分子的扩散运动,它们相互独立, 又相互关联,共同构成一个生化反应网络. 在病理条件下,某些生化反应过程会发生改变,代谢中间体可能会出现质和量的变化. 核磁共振 (NMR)可以对这些过程的研究提供非常有用的信息. 目前,有3种核磁共振波谱技术可以用于生物组织的研究：① 活体组织定域波谱技术;② 生物组织提取物的液体高分辨核磁共振技术;③ 离体组织的高分辨魔角旋转技术. 这些方法各有优劣,互为补充. 介绍了在生物组织的NMR研究方面的最新进展.