Multivariate classification based on metal contents in human senile cataract lenses

Multivariate classification methods were used to evaluate data on the concentrations of eight metals in human senile lenses measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Principal components analysis and hierarchical clustering separated senile cataract lenses, nuclei from cataract lenses, and normal lenses into three classes on the basis of the eight elements. Stepwise discriminant analysis was applied to give discriminant functions with five selected variables. Results provided by the linear learning machine method were also satisfactory; the k-nearest neighbour method was less useful.     

Dexamethasone delivery to posterior segment of the eye

Due to anatomic barriers and lacrimal drainage it is difficult to obtain therapeutic drug concentrations in the posterior part of the eye after topical drug administrations. Lipophilic cyclodextrins, such as randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin (RMβCD), are known to act both as solubilizers of water-insoluble drugs in aqueous solutions and as penetration enhancers that reduce the barrier function of lipophilic membranes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of RMβCD on dexamethasone delivery from aqueous eye drop solution into rabbit eyes. Dexamethasone (0.5 and 1.5% w/v) drops (50 μl) were administered to the left eye of rabbits (n = 6) and the drug levels measured in different eye tissues 2 h after administration. In aqueous humor dexamethasone levels were 1,190 ± 110 and 1,670 ± 630 ng/g (mean ± SD) after administration of the 0.5 and 1.5% dexamethasone eye drops, respectively. In the retina the levels were 33 ± 7 and 66 ± 49 ng/g, and in optic nerve 41 ± 12 and 130 ± 50 ng/g, respectively. In a previous study the dexamethasone concentration in aqueous humor after topical administration of 1.3% (w/v) dexamethasone eye drops in aqueous 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) solution was determined to be 320 ± 230 ng/g and 66 ± 20 ng/g after administration of Maxidex^® eye drops. Both the hydrophilic HPβCD and the lipophilic RMβCD enhance topical dexamethasone delivery into the eye, but of the two, the lipophilic RMβCD results in higher dexamethasone concentrations.     

催化动力学荧光法测定眼影中的铬(Ⅵ)

在酸性介质中, 痕量Cr(Ⅵ)对高碘酸钾氧化罗丹明B的褪色反应有催化作用, 使罗丹明B的荧光减弱, 据此建立了催化动力学荧光法测定痕量Cr(Ⅵ)的新方法. 考察了该催化反应的最佳条件, 在最优化条件下, Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度在1×10-8～7×10-7 g/L范围内与荧光强度呈良好的线性关系, 方法的检出限为3×10-9 g/L, 对1×10-7 g/L的Cr(Ⅵ)标准溶液进行11次平行测定, 得相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.4%. 该法已用于眼影中Cr(Ⅵ)含量的测定, 回收率为97.4%～102.6%.     

An anatomically accurate eye model with a shell-structure lens

A human eye model based on anatomically accurate eye model previously proposed by Liou, has been transformed into a new eye model, in which laminated structure of the lens is considered. The crystalline lens is presented in the form of hundreds of shells with rotational symmetry, and with constant index within each shell. The refractive index increases from the cortical shell to the inner one, according to the equation proposed by Smith G. et al. The anterior surface of the lens is prolate, whereas the posterior surface of the lens is oblate which is consistent with the anatomical data. A ray tracing procedure has been applied to study the refractive structure of the eye. The optical characters of the model have been studied. The reason that the wings occur on the spherical aberration curve has been given. And we found that the lens with gradient refractive index and lens with shell structure can give same longitudinal spherical aberration results.     

非球面和梯度折射率在眼光学成象中的作用

在Gullstrand-Le Grand眼模型的基础上,构造不同的眼光学模型,分别研究了角膜非球面、晶状体非球面和昌状体折射率在眼光学成象中的作用.通过比较各模型系统的Zernike标准多项式系数,分析了非球面和梯度折射率对眼光光系统各象差的影响.同时研究了不同模型调制传递函数的特性.     

机载大气探测激光雷达人眼安全分析

 依据美国ANSI标准,模拟计算了0~12 km的高度范围内不同的激光束发散角和不同激光脉冲能量比例的532和1 064 nm激光脉冲人眼安全最大阈值能量。给出两种532和1 064 nm激光脉冲人眼安全最大阈值能量分配方案：(1)激光束发散角为0.3 mrad且532与1 064 nm的激光脉冲最大阈值能量之比为1∶2;（2）激光束发散角为0.4 mrad且532与1 064 nm的激光脉冲最大阈值能量之比为1∶1。分析了用这两种激光脉冲人眼安全最大阈值能量分配方案探测模式大气时所对应的信噪比。分析结果表明：这两种方案既能保证机载激光雷达对模式大气探测时地面人眼安全又能达到探测所要求的信噪比。     

10Gb/s单信道光纤传输系统性能仿真研究

光纤传输系统的优化设计是光纤通信质量的重要保证.本文基于光子传输设计套件(PTDS)软件平台,对光纤传输系统的传输特性作了大量仿真研究,并得出分析了一些重要参量如光纤长度,光纤的损耗和衰减,光功率大小等对光传输系统的影响规律,给出了相应的补偿措施.本文研究结果对优化光纤传输系统有一定的参考价值.     

主客观相结合眼波面像差分析系统

利用Hartmann-Shack波面传感器对眼出瞳位置的波面像差进行测量,根据所测像差控制可变形镜对像差进行实时补偿.眼像差以Zernike多项式表示,通过对可变形镜的精确控制,可在光路中生成特定模式和幅值的像差.因此,被测者根据视觉的主观感觉,调节视标像差,直至获得最满意的视觉效果.该系统采用移动三棱镜和柱镜的方法对离焦和散光进行预补偿,弥补了波面传感器测量范围和可变形镜矫正范围受限制的缺点.该系统把快速、客观的测量及补偿和主观调整相结合,更加符合人眼工作的特性,可用于在人眼像差与视觉分辩的基础和临床研究.     

TLD occupational dose distribution study in nuclear medicine

The large and growing number of patients undergoing nuclear medicine procedures and workers involved in this practice requires continued efforts to improve the quality of diagnosis and to reduce the radiological risk associated. In Brazil, external individual monitoring with a dosemeter located on the thorax is compulsory for all workers in controlled areas. Extremity dosemeters are recommended in activities where hand dose can be much higher than on the thorax. This is typically the case for nuclear medicine procedures, but extremity dosemeters are not regularly used in Brazil. With the aim to study the occupational dose distribution in the nuclear medicine staff during their tasks of preparation and injection of radionuclides, Harshaw TLD chips of LiF:Mg,Cu,P (TLD-100H) were used for individual monitoring on different parts of the worker body. As expected, all doses measured on the thorax were much lower than on the hands. For both Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), the dose to the fingers during preparation is about two orders of magnitude higher than in the thorax, and in the injection procedure, one order higher. The doses received by the workers' fingers varied widely depending on how they hold the syringe, but fingertips always received higher doses. The dose values measured in the eye lens were 200% higher than the one measured on the thorax.     

A novel approach to design intraocular lenses with extended depth of focus in a pseudophakic eye model

Eye model is firstly used to design and assess the performance of intraocular lenses (IOLs) with extended depth of focus (DOF), including aspherical IOL, refractive multifocal IOL and diffractive multifocal IOL. The details of design and optimization are given, and the optical performance of the pseudophakic eye with the designed IOLs is assessed with the spot diagram and the visual acuity. For the pseudophakic eye with 3 mm pupil, when the spherical aberration is fully corrected by the aspherical IOL, the best visual acuity reaches 1.2 with a DOF of only 1.4D. Whereas when the spherical aberration is 0.4λ, the best visual acuity is 0.9 with a DOF as much as 2.2D. With the implantation of refractive or diffractive multifocal IOL, the pseudophakic eye has fairly good distant and near vision, while the intermediate vision is worse. Diffractive multifocal IOL diverts 81% of the input light to two primary focuses equally, with the additional 19% of the light wasted as higher order diffraction. Refractive multifocal IOL diverts all the light to two focuses but the light distribution varies with the pupil diameter.