碱金属改性Y分子筛的甲苯氧化甲基化反应性能及基酸碱性质

碱金属改性Ｙ分子筛的甲苯氧化甲基化反应性能及其酸碱性质＊周灵萍李伟苏明李赫口亘陶克毅＊＊（南开大学化学系，天津３０００７１）关键词Ｙ型分子筛，甲苯，甲烷，氧化甲基化，苯乙烯，乙苯，酸性，碱性分类号Ｏ６４３／ＴＱ４２苯乙烯和乙苯是重要的化工原料．以往合...     

Diffusion-based calibration for solid-phase microextraction of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene and chlorobenzenes from aqueous samples

Short-term solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was performed to test a recently proposed semi-empirical model for the prediction of concentrations of analyte in water samples from the fibre-extracted mass without further calibration. The mass uptake rates obtained for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and p-xylene (BTEX) differ considerably from the before published, showing that interfibre comparability is a serious issue. The relative prediction errors are between -55% for benzene and +82% for p-dichlorobenzene under optimal conditions, i.e. they are by an order of magnitude higher than originally published. A sensitivity analysis shows the dominant influence of the estimated thickness of the diffusional boundary layer around the fibre on the concentration predicted. Empirical modification of the model equation for this parameter yields satisfactory results under the conditions tested for both BTEX and the selected chlorobenzenes.     

Analysis of critical points on the potential energy surface

A simple classification scheme is proposed for critical points, based only on rankr and signatures of the (n,n)-matrixG of harmonic force constants. The determination ofr ands, e.g. by the well-known factorizationG=L ^T gL (L: triangular matrix,g: diagonal matrix), has several theoretical as well as practical (computational) advantages over the inspection of eigenvalues ofG, so far used in quantum chemistry. The eigenvalues are sufficient butnot necessary for a classification whereas rank and signature are the only necessary and sufficient prerequisites for solving the task. For the purpose of presenting a working example, by calculating only a 2×2 torque constant matrix, it is shown that the coplanar ethylbenzene is unstable in the CNDO/2 picture.     

Air sampling of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of ozone by solid-phase microextraction

Effects of ozone on air sampling of standard gas mixtures of aromatic hydrocarbons were tested using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Standard concentrations of ozone ranging from 10 ppb (v/v) to 6400 ppm (v/v) were generated using an in-house built ozone generator based on corona discharge. Effects of temperature, discharge voltage, and oxygen flow on the ozone generation were tested. The working dc voltage had the greatest effect on generated ozone concentration and was proportional to the ozone concentration. Generation temperature and oxygen flow rate were inversely proportional to ozone concentrations. Produced ozone was mixed with standard benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) gas at less than 100 ppb (v/v). Air samples were collected with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) 100 microm SPME fibers and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detection (FID) and GC-MS. Significant reductions of BTEX concentrations were observed. In addition, some products of BTEX-ozone-oxygen reactions were identified. SPME worked well as a rapid sampler for BTEX and BTEX-ozone-oxygen reaction products. No significant deterioration of the PDMS coating and no significant reduction of absorption capacity were observed after repeated exposure to ozone.     

绿色氧化合成苯乙酮的研究

研究了以氧气为氧化剂、液相氧化乙苯合成苯乙酮反应的各种影响因素,在优化的反应条件(冰乙酸20mL、乙苯5mL、醋酸钴用量为乙苯的4.2%(物质的量)、Br/Co=2.5(物质的量)、氧气流速为100mL/min、常压、温度80℃和反应时间4h)下,乙苯转化率达到99.94%,苯乙酮收率达到98.49%.     

乙苯工艺技术开发及工业应用进展

乙苯是重要的基本有机化工原料,主要用于生产苯乙烯,进而作为合成橡胶和塑料等高分子材料的单体.乙苯的生产主要采用苯和乙烯的烷基化工艺.传统的AlCl3法由于存在设备腐蚀和环境污染等问题己逐步被环境友好的分子筛烷基化法取代.分子筛烷基化法分为气相法和液相法.气相烷基化催化剂为ZSM-5分子筛,例如Mobil-Badger气相烷基化工艺;液相烷基化催化剂有Y,Beta和MCM-22分子筛,例如Lummus/UOP的EBOne工艺和Mobil-Raythen的EBMax工艺.近年来,随着经济的发展,全球范围内乙苯需求量逐年增加,产能也逐渐扩大.尤其在中国大陆,目前乙苯产能居世界首位,其乙苯工艺技术的开发也最为活跃.经过20多年的发展,苯烷基化制乙苯工艺取得了长足发展.中国科学院大连化学物理研究所在成功合成ZSM-5/ZSM-11分子筛的基础上,与中国石化、中国石油联合开发了苯与干气气相烷基化制乙苯工艺;中国石化上海石油化工研究院则以ZSM-5分子筛为基础,开发了适应原料多样性的苯气相烷基化制乙苯催化剂和工艺技术,可以采用石油苯、焦化苯、纯乙烯、乙醇和稀乙烯为原料;石油化工科学研究院则开发了基于Beta分子筛的苯与乙烯液相烷基化催化剂及液相循环烷基化工艺.以上催化剂及工艺技术均己工业化应用.此外,实现催化烷基化与分离同时进行的催化蒸馏工艺以及乙烷脱氢再与苯烷基化的两段法制乙苯工艺的研究也取得了一定进展.在苯烷基化制乙苯工艺中,气相法操作温度高,苯与乙烯进料摩尔比高,因而能耗高,同时二甲苯含量高,产品纯度低.液相烷基化工艺则具有温度低和苯/烯比低的特点,其能耗控制及产品质量均优于气相法工艺.但是,液相反应中的扩散阻力大,孔道为10元环的ZSM-5分子筛失活迅速,因而选用了具有12元环孔道的Y,Beta和具有表面12元环碗状半超笼的MCM-22分子筛为催化剂.然而,液相法工艺的苯与乙烯进料摩尔比仍然远高于理论化学计量比,其产品中含有一定比例的多乙基苯(主要是二乙苯),需采用烷基转移过程将多乙基苯与苯反应生成乙苯.进一步降低苯/烯比、提高单乙苯选择性是未来乙苯工艺开发的努力方向.研究表明,介孔分子筛及纳米片状分子筛在苯烷基化反应中具有优于常规分子筛的催化表现,即更高的乙烯转化率和乙苯选择性.其原因在于,扩散是影响苯烷基化反应性能的关键因素,扩散性能的改善使得产物从活性位解吸后更容易扩散出去,进而空出活性位并进一步催化新的底物.同时,单烷基化产物与新的烷基化试剂进一步发生烷基化的几率降低,提高了单烷基化产物的选择性.因而,采用扩散性能更好的催化剂催化苯烷基化反应前景看好,关键问题在于如何简单并廉价地获取该类材料.另外,虽然分子筛催化苯烷基化是一个环境友好的工艺过程,但是在分子筛催化剂制备过程中会产生环境污染.同时,失活催化剂的处理也是需要考虑的问题.开发分子筛的绿色合成技术,减轻甚至消除环境污染是一个值得努力的方向;开发失活催化剂的综合利用技术,如采用失活催化剂为原料用于分子筛的合成,可以作为环境保护的有效手段.     

A simplified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe approach for the determination of trihalomethanes and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in soil matrices by fast gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection

A method based on simplified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction followed by large-injection volume-fast gas chromatography and mass spectrometry detection has been developed for the determination of trihalomethanes (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform) and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) in soil samples.The simplified version of QuEChERS used meets the requirements of the “green chemistry” and provides reliable results with high sample throughput, low solvent consumption, little labour and the use of materials commonly employed in laboratories. The GC device used is equipped with a programmable temperature vaporizer (PTV), with a liner packed with Tenax-TA^®. Using the solvent-vent mode, the PTV allows the injection of large volumes of sample, affording an improvement in the sensitivity of the method. The chromatographic conditions used here allowed the separation of the compounds in less than 5.50 min. Good linearity was obtained for all the target compounds, with highly satisfactory repeatability and reproducibility values. The limits of detection were in the 0.2 to 15 μg kg⁻¹ range. The method was validated by the analysis of two certified reference materials.     

La2O3 promotional effect to Co3O4/γ-Al2O3 catalyst in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene with CO2 as soft oxidant

Co₃O₄/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts with variable Co₃O₄ loadings (5–20 wt%) and deposition of 15% Co₃O₄ on La₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃ were prepared by wet impregnation method. La₂O₃-γ-Al₂O₃ support with variable composition of La₂O₃ (2–6 wt%) were prepared by co-precipitation method. All the catalysts were tested for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene with CO₂ as soft oxidant. Among the Co₃O₄/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts, 15% Co₃O₄/γ-Al₂O₃ has shown good performance and hence this catalyst has been chosen to investigate the effect of La₂O₃ species. CO₂ pulse chemisorption data indicate more amount of CO₂ uptake over 15% Co₃O₄/4%La₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst which clearly indicates that this catalyst exhibits good performance in ethylbenzene dehydrogenation with CO₂ as soft oxidant because of reverse water gas shift reaction. Temperature programmed reduction studies indicate that the Co₃O₄ catalysts follow two step reduction mechanism from Co₃O₄ to CoO and then to Co and La₂O₃ promotional effect is visible through facile reduction of Co₃O₄ species. La₂O₃ doping has a vital influence in getting enhanced ethylbenzene conversion, styrene yield and alleviates catalyst deactivation compared to that of unpromoted Co₃O₄/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst. TGA studies indicate the presence low amount coke deposition during time-on-stream over 15% Co₃O₄/4%La₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst compared to 15% Co₃O₄/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst.