Human-to-metal electrostatic discharge current measurements – Notes on the ESD current waveform

The Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) phenomenon has been described through the IEC 61000-4-2. ESD current parameters' values, have been set in this Standard. The theoretical ESD current waveform defined in this standard, describing the conventional Contact discharge mode, needs to be re-evaluated on the basis of accurate experimental data. Even though the standard deals with commercial ESD generators, its goal is to simulate the natural phenomenon as good as possible. More and accurate data may contribute to the better simulation of the natural phenomenon. New values and better comprehension of the phenomenon demand new measurements based on high end measuring equipment. Such works and publications have been carried out the past years. Yet, the need to systematize and integrate this work remains. Larger and trust-worthy series of measurements need to be carried out and presented clearly.This paper deals with new ESD-current data, taken with broadband equipment. New and more detailed measurements like these, were never before taken at such a large number of individuals. The goal of this work is that the data acquired can serve as a basis for re-evaluating the conventional approach of the scientific community to the ESD event.In this paper, using a broadband measuring system, new parameters' values are measured and relations are presented, following standard statistical procedures. The results, which occur from measurements carried out on tenths of human individuals, are questioning the Standard in many points. A new way of approaching the standardization of the ESD current is proposed, as the excuse of the poor measuring equipment that sets barriers on the measuring accuracy, does not apply any more. The charging voltages of 500 V and 1000 V were also examined since such range of voltages are often met at ESD events and they are considered very harmful.     

双层桥梁耦合系统的强迫振动

本文研究作为双层桥模型的梁方程耦合系统，利用Ｌｅｒａｙ－Ｓｃｈａｕｄｅｒ不动点定理，得到了一个关于这种系统的解的存在性定理，它类似于ＭｃＫｅｎｎａ和Ｗａｌｔｅｒ文２中关于吊桥方程的一个定理。     

Photonic crystal beam splitters

In this work, the beam splitter with two input ports and two output ports in two-dimensional photonic crystals is studied through the finite-difference time-domain method. The beam splitter consists of two orthogonally cross line defects. The diameter of the two diagonal air holes at the intersection of the two line defects was modified. The input light can be identically divided into the two output ports. The beam splitters can be applied in the photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometers or photonic crystal optical switches.     

Effective magnetic properties of a composite material with circular conductive elements

Effective magnetic properties of a composite meta-material consisting of periodically arranged circular conductive elements are studied theoretically. A general expression for the effective bulk permeability is obtained with mutual effects and lattice ordering being taken into account. The resonance frequency of the permeability is found to be strongly dependent on the size and shape of the unit cell. Frequency dispersion of the permeability is studied with special attention paid to the frequency range, where negative values of the permeability are possible. Corresponding recommendations for optimisation of the meta-materials with negative permeability are made. The results are confirmed by numerical simulations of the finite structure behaviour in an external magnetic field. Received 19 April 2002 Published online 31 July 2002     

一种高信噪比的双光束激光光声光谱仪原理及应用

作为一种新兴的检测手段 ,激光光声光谱技术与其他检测技术相比具有很多优点。本文设计的光声光谱仪用激光做光源 ,有两个光声池 ,分别用来放置参考样品和待测样品 ,输出结果为二者光声信号的比值。利用这一比值 ,可以由参考样品的性能参数方便地求出待测样品的相关性能参数。该光声光谱仪有效地减小了本底吸收噪声的影响 ,提高了信噪比 ,扩大了固体光声理论的应用范围。本文还阐述了该光声光谱仪在定性定量分析中的一些应用     

基于图像处理技术的束流剖面监视系统

 介绍了在兰州重离子加速器上利用荧光靶图像获取装置测量并计算束流剖面参数的方法，并建立了图像获取、处理、束流参数计算的实时测量软件系统。该系统具有可靠性好、测量直观、界面友好等优点。     

Electromagnetic energy flow near nanoparticles—I: single spheres

The electromagnetic (EM) energy flow near single spheres is investigated by applying Mie theory. From the patterns of the energy flow, the absorption and the scattering of light can be understood in the microscopic point of view. In the absorption profiles of metallic particles, most absorbed energy is consumed on the surface of the particles, which indicates that the resonance of surface plasmon is different from that of the bulk plasmon. Two mechanisms to enhanced local EM field are also distinguished. One is the surface plasmon resonance, and another one is the intensified energy flow.     

Gamma-ray spectroscopy of the neutron-rich Ni region through heavy-ion deep-inelastic collisions

Nuclei in the neutron-rich Ni region have been studied by γ-ray spectroscopy. Gamma-rays emitted from isomers, with T _1/2 > 1 ns, produced in heavy-ion deep-inelastic collisions were measured with an isomer-scope. The nuclear structure of the doubly magic ⁶⁸Ni and its neighbor ^69,71Cu is discussed on the basis of the shell model. Future experiments for more neutron-rich Ni nuclei are also viewed. Received: 1 May 2001 / Accepted: 4 December 2001     

Design and performance analysis of beam steering birefringent mercurous chloride acousto-optic device

I.IntroductionThepcrformanccsofAcousto-optic(AO)dcviccareoftenlimitcdbythepropertiesofAOmcdiawhenitisusedinAOsigna1processingsystems.Thespectrumanalyzersandcorre1ationreceivers,forinstancc,areexpcctcdtoimprovcthereso1utionanddynamicrangcwhilereducingtheproccssorvolume.Rccent1y,ancwclassofmateria1s,themercurousha1ides,promiscstocontributeimportantsolutionstosuchnccdsandisrefincdtopractica1uti1izations.Themecurousha1ideweconsidcrinthispapcrismecurouschloride(Hg,C1,).Thesing1ecrystalofHg,Cl…     

Towards cooling of high-intensity ion beams

Buffer gas beam coolers may become excellent beam preparation devices for high-resolution mass separation. The small beam emittance provided makes efficient isobar resolution a realistic goal. In order to fulfill the needs of future facilities providing high-intensity beams of rare isotopes, it is desirable to increase the beam intensity limit of such devices from typically several tens of nanoamperes to microamperes. This requires the usage of high-voltage radiofrequencies in a low-pressure gas environment. A buffer gas beam cooler, dedicated to this purpose, is under development at the NSCL. The study of voltage breakdowns under such conditions and the design of an electrode system minimizing them is mandatory.