新植被水分指数的冬小麦冠层水分遥感估算

水分含量是表征作物水分胁迫生理状况的重要指标,及时有效地监测作物水分含量对于评估作物水分盈亏平衡,指导农业生产灌溉具有重要意义。针对不同形式的归一化差值水分指数(NDWI)存在的饱和性问题,拟引入增强型植被指数EVI对其加以适当改进,通过构建新的植被水分指数NDWI#(即NDWI*EVI)来估算作物水分含量。首先,利用PROSAIL辐射传输模型分析了由不同水分敏感波段(1 240,1 450,1 950和2 500 nm)构建的各种典型NDWIs与相应新植被水分指数NDWI#对植被冠层水分及LAI的饱和响应特征;然后,利用田间实验光谱和水分数据,开展作物水分含量的建模和验证分析。结果表明：将EVI引入后,形成的新水分指数NDWI#能够有效提高冬小麦水分含量估算精度,特别是针对NDWI₁₄₅₀,NDWI₁₉₄₀,NDWI₂₅₀₀这三个指数,改进后的新指数显著提高了对LAI响应的饱和点,冬小麦作物水分估算精度也得到较为的明显改善。研究表明,将含有可见光波段信息的EVI引入到NDWI中,构建的新指数NDWI#因融合可见光、近红外和短波红外更多波段的光谱信息,对估算冬小麦冠层含水量可能具有更好的优势。     

High-Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells—Materials and Devices Physics

High-efficiency Si solar cells have attracted great attention from researchers, scientists, engineers of photovoltaic (PV) industry for the past few decades. Many researchers, scientists, and engineers in both academia and industry seek solutions to improve the cell efficiency and reduce the cost. This desire has drawn stronger support from major funding agencies and industry and stimulated a growing number of major research and research infrastructure programs, and a rapidly increasing number of publications in this filed. This article reviews materials, devices, and physics of high-efficiency Si solar cells developed over the last 20 years and presents representative examples of superior performances and competitive advantages. In this paper there is a fair number of topics, not only from the material viewpoint, introducing various materials that are required for high-efficiency Si solar cells, such as base materials (FZ-Si, CZ-Si, MCZ-Si, and multi-Si), emitter materials (diffused emitter and deposited emitter), passivation materials (Al-BSF, high-low junction, SiO₂, SiO_x, SiN_x, Al₂O₃ and a-Si:H), and other functional materials (antireflective layer, transparent conductive oxide and metal electrode), but also from the device and physics point of view, elaborating on physics, cell concept, development, and status of most types of high-efficiency Si solar cells, including passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC), passivated emitter and rear locally diffused (PERL), passivated emitter and rear totally-diffused (PERT), Pluto, PANDA, interdigitated back-contacted (IBC), emitter-wrap-through (EWT), metallization-wrap-through (MWT), heterojunction with intrinsic thin-layer (HIT), and so on. Finally, the technical data of these high-efficiency Si solar cells has been tabulated.