On the two dimensional effective electron mass in quantum wells,inversion layers and NIPI superlattices of Kane type semiconductors in the presence of strong light waves: Simplified theory and relative comparison

An attempt is made to study the two dimensional (2D) effective electron mass (EEM) in quantum wells (Qws), inversion layers (ILs) and NIPI superlattices of Kane type semiconductors in the presence of strong external photoexcitation on the basis of a newly formulated electron dispersion laws within the framework of k.p. formalism. It has been found, taking InAs and InSb as examples, that the EEM in Qws, ILs and superlattices increases with increasing concentration, light intensity and wavelength of the incident light waves, respectively and the numerical magnitudes in each case is band structure dependent. The EEM in ILs is quantum number dependent exhibiting quantum jumps for specified values of the surface electric field and in NIPI superlattices; the same is the function of Fermi energy and the subband index characterizing such 2D structures. The appearance of the humps of the respective curves is due to the redistribution of the electrons among the quantized energy levels when the quantum numbers corresponding to the highest occupied level changes from one fixed value to the others. Although the EEM varies in various manners with all the variables as evident from all the curves, the rates of variations totally depend on the specific dispersion relation of the particular 2D structure. Under certain limiting conditions, all the results as derived in this paper get transformed into well known formulas of the EEM and the electron statistics in the absence of external photo-excitation and thus confirming the compatibility test. The results of this paper find three applications in the field of microstructures.     

污水处理厂及受纳水体样品的三维荧光光谱解析

采用三维荧光光谱表征了污水厂各处理单元及受纳水体上下游的样品,应用平行因子分析方法获得了样品中各主成分的激发发射光谱图及荧光强度得分矩阵。结果表明,类蛋白质和类富里酸物质是污水厂和受纳水体样品的主要荧光组分。污水厂进水样品的类蛋白质荧光较强,后续各处理单元样品的荧光强度显著下降。受纳水体上游样品的类蛋白质荧光较弱,经过城区各取样点的类蛋白质荧光显著增加,而污水厂排放口上游荧光强度则显著高于下游。类蛋白质荧光强度得分可与样品COD值建立相关曲线,污水厂与受纳水体样品的相关系数分别为0.930和0.913,类蛋白质荧光可以反映样品点的有机污染程度。该研究为污水处理厂的运行及其对受纳水体影响提供了新的思路和方法。     

Optimization of Verapamil Drug Analysis by Excitation-Emission Fluorescence in Combination with Second-order Multivariate Calibration

Excitation emission fluorescence matrices (EEMs) of Verapamil drug were obtained by direct and by derivatization fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence excitation and emission wavelengths were displaced to longer wavelengths and the fluorescence intensity was enhanced upon derivation with respect to the native fluorescence of the drug. The complete EEM of the native fluorescence of the drug and of the derivatization product were rapidly acquired by using a charged-coupled device detector (CCD), which is advantageous in terms of speed in the analysis, with respect to the use of a conventional photomultiplier detector. The EEMs were analyzed by several second-order multivariate calibration methods exploiting the second order advantage. The three-dimensional decomposition methods used, based in different assumptions about the trilinearity of the three way data structure under analysis, were parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), bilinear least squares (BLLS), parallel factor analysis 2 (PARAFAC2) and multivariate curve resolution—alternating least squares (MCR-ALS). The determination was performed by using the standard addition approach. The figures of merit of the PARAFAC and BLLS methods were calculated, obtaining a lower limit of detection with the derivatization procedure, when compared with the direct measurement of the fluorescence of the drug. In Verapamil drug the best estimations were found with the BLLS and the MCR-ALS models. In the quantification of Verapamil in a pharmaceutical formulation the best estimation, when compared with the result obtained by the US Pharmacopeia high performance liquid chromatography approach, was obtained by direct fluorescence spectroscopy with MCR-ALS and by derivatization fluorescence spectroscopy with the PARAFAC2 model.     

多波长LED阵列诱导荧光光谱在多组分分析中的应用研究

荧光光谱技术是对水中的溶解有机物、油类污染物,以及各种浮游植物生物量识别与测量的有效手段之一。构建了多波长LED阵列(450～610 nm)诱导荧光光谱测量系统,讨论了系统的原理和利用此系统进行多组分分析的方法。在实验室应用该系统获取了多组分混合荧光物质溶液的三维荧光光谱,并采用平行因子算法分析了多组分三维荧光光谱数据,结果显示得出的多组分浓度值与实际浓度的相关性大于98％。表明基于多波长LED阵列诱导荧光光谱测量系统在多组分分析中具有很好的应用前景。     

三维荧光光谱技术结合线性支持向量算法在水体有机污染监测中的应用

针对当前地表水体有机污染的原位快速监测需求,提出一种基于三维荧光光谱技术的水质指标预测模型和水质等级快速判断方法。以扬州市域内多种地表水体的水质监测数据作为模型训练样本,充分利用水体三维荧光光谱信息,结合线性支持向量回归算法（LIBLINEAR）,建立了与化学需氧量（COD_Cr）、高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）、氨氮（NH₃-N）、总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）和五日生化需氧量（BOD₅）6项有机污染相关水质指标的预测模型。研究结果表明,6项指标预测模型的训练集和测试集决定系数R2均大于0.73,预测值与国标及行业标准方法分析结果的相关系数r达到0.9以上。利用水质指标预测结果进一步判断有机污染指标相关水质等级,黑臭水体识别率达86%,对Ⅲ类~重度黑臭共6个水质等级的分类准确率为60%。结果说明该方法通过水体三维荧光光谱信息预测水质有机污染指标具有较好的准确性和精度,为广域时空尺度地表水的高效原位监测提供了一种新的解决方案。     

食品中苏丹红Ⅰ和辣椒红的表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)光谱与激发-发射矩阵荧光光谱鉴别

利用表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)光谱及激发-发射矩阵(EEM)荧光光谱对食品中非法添加剂苏丹红Ⅰ和合法食品添加剂辣椒红进行了定性分析和检测. SERS光谱结果表明, 苏丹红Ⅰ在低波数区域分子的扭转振动信号增强比较明显; 而辣椒红在1521和1158 cm^-1处拉曼信号增强效果比较明显; EEM荧光光谱结果表明, 苏丹红Ⅰ的乙醇溶液在P₁(λ_ex=285 nm, λ_em=345 nm)和P₂(λ_ex= 335 nm, λ_em=548 nm)处有2个明显的荧光特征峰; 而辣椒红的乙醇溶液有3个特征荧光峰, 分别为P₁(λ_ex=545 nm, λ_em=580 nm), P₂(λ_ex=560 nm, λ_em=665 nm)和P₃(λ_ex=608 nm, λ_em=672 nm).     

Electronegativity equalization method: parameterization and validation for organic molecules using the Merz-Kollman-Singh charge distribution scheme

The electronegativity equalization method (EEM) was developed by Mortier et al. as a semiempirical method based on the density-functional theory. After parameterization, in which EEM parameters A(i), B(i), and adjusting factor kappa are obtained, this approach can be used for calculation of average electronegativity and charge distribution in a molecule. The aim of this work is to perform the EEM parameterization using the Merz-Kollman-Singh (MK) charge distribution scheme obtained from B3LYP/6-31G* and HF/6-31G* calculations. To achieve this goal, we selected a set of 380 organic molecules from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and used the methodology, which was recently successfully applied to EEM parameterization to calculate the HF/STO-3G Mulliken charges on large sets of molecules. In the case of B3LYP/6-31G* MK charges, we have improved the EEM parameters for already parameterized elements, specifically C, H, N, O, and F. Moreover, EEM parameters for S, Br, Cl, and Zn, which have not as yet been parameterized for this level of theory and basis set, we also developed. In the case of HF/6-31G* MK charges, we have developed the EEM parameters for C, H, N, O, S, Br, Cl, F, and Zn that have not been parameterized for this level of theory and basis set so far. The obtained EEM parameters were verified by a previously developed validation procedure and used for the charge calculation on a different set of 116 organic molecules from the CSD. The calculated EEM charges are in a very good agreement with the quantum mechanically obtained ab initio charges.     

生物滞留系统间隙水DOM三维荧光光谱特征分析

为探明不同淹没区填料对生物滞留系统的净水效果的影响,采用三维荧光光谱研究间隙水溶解性有机物的组成成分和时间分布特征。三维荧光光谱显示,海绵铁环境间隙水中主要有机组分为微生物代谢产物(Ⅳ),火山岩与碎砖块中为类腐殖质(Ⅲ+Ⅴ);碎石块类腐殖质(Ⅴ)、简单芳香类蛋白(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)和微生物代谢产物(Ⅳ);48 h后海绵铁和碎砖块相关联的水生环境中DOM的荧光峰削弱,而火山岩和碎石块相关联水生环境中DOM的荧光峰增强。出水的类腐殖质组分(Ⅲ+Ⅴ)荧光积分体积均有降低(平均58.04%),芳香类蛋白组分(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)均有上升(平均65.36%)。海绵铁去除溶解性有机物效果最好(84.52%),火山岩(77.25%)和碎砖块(77.90%)较好,碎石块(29.20%)最差。间隙水中有机物主要来源于微生物的代谢活动(HIX＜4)。与类腐殖质相反,芳香类蛋白易被微生物利用,对微生物代谢活动和硝态氮反硝化有促进作用。生物滞留系统在设计时宜采用碎砖块和海绵铁填料,外加碳源宜选用易被微生物利用的有机物。     

Simultaneous Determination of Dextromethorphan and Quinidine Contents in Biological Fluid Samples Using Excitation-Emission Matrix Fluorescence Coupled with Second-Order Calibration Methods

This paper presents a novel method for simultaneous determination of dextromethorphan and quinidine contents in biological fluid samples using excitation–emission matrix fluorescence (EEM) coupled with second-order calibration methods. The adopted calibration methods, i.e., parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), self-weighted alternating tri-linear decomposition (SWATLD), and alternating penalty trilinear decomposition (APTLD), could adequately exploit the second-order advantage. The accuracy of the three methods was evaluated through figures of merit and elliptical joint confidence region (EJCR) tests. It has been found that all the methods could give good results. But, with correct number of factors, the PARAFAC model performed slightly better than the others.     

光谱校正对溶解有机物三维荧光光谱特征影响

在三维荧光光谱(EEM)测定中,由仪器直接记录的光谱(称为未校正光谱)由于受荧光光度计光源灯或探测器等波长特性的影响,并不是荧光物质本身的真实光谱,研究了光谱校正对腐殖酸和色氨酸EEM光谱特征以及传统寻峰法和新兴FRI分析法结果的影响,结果表明：校正后,Ex/Em=220～450/250～500 nm范围内荧光强度降低,Em<250 nm范围内荧光强度增大,腐殖酸荧光峰明显“蓝移”。基于寻峰法的荧光指数(FI)和腐殖化指数(HIX)明显减小,自生源指数(BIX)略增;基于FRI分析法的反映各区域标准体积百分比P_{Ⅰ, n},P_{Ⅱ, n}和P_{Ⅲ, n}明显上升,而P_{Ⅳ, n}和P_{Ⅴ, n}显著下降。因此,进行光谱校正是获得真实光谱谱图及光谱特征不可或缺的一部分。