聚合物银纹化的分子机理

本文综述了近年来有关聚合物银纹化分子机理方面研究的进展情况。内容包括银纹的起源、生长、断裂过程以及各种结构关系对银纹的影响，并对几种典型的聚合物银纹形态进行了描述。     

链解缠结聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯的结晶行为研究

采用冷冻萃取聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)溶液(0.1～10g/dL7种不同浓度,3种不同性能溶剂)的方法制备了解缠结PET试样.与链相互穿透且缠结的熔体骤冷试样相比,解缠结PET试样的结晶能力明显增强,且随着制样溶液浓度的降低,链间解缠结程度增加,PET的结晶能力逐渐增强,有序结构含量明显增加,但是如果制样溶液浓度太低,溶液中链间距离太大,则又不利于萃取过程中链间的有序堆砌而结晶.采用接触浓度c*附近的溶液,既可确保链间的有效解缠结又有利于链间的有序堆砌而结晶.PET的结晶能力甚至还受制样所用溶剂性能的影响,这是因为溶剂性能影响了溶液中链间的相互作用以及链的解缠结程度.     

Quantum-circuit guide to optical and atomic interferometry

Atomic (qubit) and optical or microwave (modal) phase-estimation protocols are placed on the same footing in terms of quantum-circuit diagrams. Circuit equivalences are used to demonstrate the equivalence of protocols that achieve the Heisenberg limit by employing entangled superpositions of Fock states, such as N00N states. The key equivalences are those that disentangle a circuit so that phase information is written exclusively on a mode or modes or on a qubit. The Fock-state-superposition phase-estimation circuits are converted to use entangled coherent-state superpositions; the resulting protocols are more amenable to realization in the lab, particularly in a qubit/cavity setting at microwave frequencies.     

A convenient way of interpreting steady shear rheo-optical data of semi-dilute polymer solutions

Rheo-mechanical and rheo-optical investigations were carried out with the aim of determining the influence of deformation and orientation or disentangling of polymer coils on the flow behavior in the non-Newtonian region of the flow curve, for a moderately concentrated network solution. To avoid the influence of polydispersity this was done on a series of narrowly distributed polystyrene standards (dissolved in toluene). By using steady state shear flow measurements it was possible to detect qualitatively a reduction in the entanglement density within the non-Newtonian flow region. Birefringence experiments were able to show that deformation of the polymer coils also occurs in the Newtonian flow region, which has no effect on the flow behavior in this range, whereas in the non-Newtonian flow region the increase in deformation is lower than in the Newtonian range. The flow birefringence and its orientation can be described over the whole range of the flow curve with a newly developed equation system (Eq. 8 and 14) derived from the stress states of a sheared solution using the stress-optical rule. Starting from these equations, it could be shown, that in the Newtonian flow region a mastercurve in form of a reduced birefringence Δn′/η₀=f(γ˙) and a reduced orientation φ= f(γ˙/γ˙ _crit) can be plotted, independent from concentration and molar mass. A comparison of the experimentally determined orientation angle and birefringence curve form with theoretical deformations and orientations of polymer coils in a solution state, without intermolecular interactions, was able to demonstrate that the flow behavior of a moderately concentrated network solution is determined decisively (approximately to 85%) by the disentanglement. Received: 8 May 2000 Accepted: 12 September 2000     

三量子位系统的消相干和退纠缠

基于多谐振子热库环境模型,采用求解非马尔可夫近似主方程方法,研究了三量子位系统由于相对位相变化引起的消相干和退纠缠.计算得到了初始态为GHZ-class态、W-class态和WGHZ-class态在演化过程中的消相干和退纠缠时间尺度.结果表明,对初始GHZ-class态,相干性全部丧失,退纠缠完全发生,纠缠度变为0;对初始W-class态,相干性和纠缠度被保持;对初始WGHZ-class态,消相干部分发生,纠缠首先随时间变化最后达到一个渐近值.     

溶剂性能对部分解缠结聚氯乙烯有序结构形成的影响

一般的高分子非晶态是线团相互穿透的多链凝聚态,是分子固体中非常独特的一种分子凝聚态[1～4].而高分子链的缠结是高聚物凝聚态的重要特征之一.缠结是指高分子链之间形成物理交联点,构成网络结构,使分子链的运动受到周围分子的羁绊和限制[5],因此缠结对链的构象调整以及链单元     

Disentanglement of 3-qubit states with stochastic dephasing

The effect of stochastic dephasing on the entanglement of 3-qubit states is analyzed. We find that the extent to which the entanglement vanishes depends not only on the strength of the stochastic dephasing, but also on the structure of states of concern under decoherence induced by the stochastic dephasing. The linear entropy used to measure coherence loss is evaluated.     

窄分布聚丙烯的部分解缠结及其流变性能

通常 ,聚合物的分子链处于缠结状态 .缠结对聚合物的流变性能及机械性能有重要的影响 .用茂金属催化体系生产的聚丙烯改善了制品的综合性能 ,拓宽了它的应用范围 .然而 ,由于产品具有窄的分子量和组成分布 ,使得其加工困难 [1] . De Gennes[2 ] 认为 ,聚合物溶液存在一个临界交叠浓度 c* ,在此浓度以上聚合物分子链开始发生物理缠结 .我们用分子摩尔体积较大的溶剂液体石蜡处理茂金属催化聚合的聚丙烯 ,在临界交叠浓度以上可以获得部分解缠结的聚丙烯 .使树脂的加工流动性能有较大幅度的提高 ,同时产品的机械性能保持不变 .1　实验部分1 .1…     

Disentanglement dynamics of interacting two qubits and two qutrits in an XY spin-chain environment with the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction

We investigate disentanglement dynamics of two coupled qubits and qutrits which interact uniformly to a general XY spin-chain environment with the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya (DM) interaction. We obtained exact expression of the time evolution operator and analyzed the dynamical process of the decoherence factors. Through explicitly calculating the concurrence and the negativity, we examined disentanglement behaviors of two coupled central spins evolve from different initial pure states, which are found to be nontrivially different from those of the uncorrelated ones, in particular, the enhanced decay of the entanglement induced by quantum criticality of the surrounding environment may be broken by introducing self-Hamiltonian of the central spin system. Moreover, the DM interaction may have different influences on decay of the entanglement depending on the strength of the system-environment coupling, the anisotropy of the environmental spin chain and the intensity of the transverse magnetic field, as well as the explicit form of the initial states of the central spin system.