Single chain force spectroscopy - Reading the sequence of HP protein models

We study the elastic properties of single A/B random copolymer chains, with a specific sequence and use them as theoretical model for so called HP proteins. HP proteins carry hydrophilic (P) and hydrophobic (H) monomers. We predict a rich structure in the force-extension relations which can be attributed to the information in the sequence. The variational method is used to probe local minima on the path of stretching and releasing for the chain molecules. At a given force, we find multiple configurations which are separated by energy barriers. A collapsed globular configuration consists of several domains which unravel cooperatively. Upon stretching, the unfolding path shows a stepwise pattern corresponding to the unfolding of each domain. While releasing, several cores can be created simultaneously in the middle of the chain, resulting in a different path of collapse. The long-range interactions and stiffness of the chain simplify the potential landscape given by the disorder in sequence. Received 5 March 2002 / Received in final form 16 May 2002 Published online 13 August 2002     

可瓷化硅橡胶材料的研究

研究了一种可瓷化硅橡胶,其特点是在火灾发生时可在金属线外形成瓷化绝缘保护层,600℃的成瓷温度大幅度低于目前文献报道的成瓷温度。实验得到的优化瓷化填料配方为:相对于100份混炼胶,氧化铝10份、硅灰石15份、结构控制剂9份、碳酸锂3份。在此配方条件下,未瓷化硅橡胶的断裂伸长率316%、拉伸强度10.79MPa、体积电阻率134×10~(12)Ω·cm,其在600℃、800℃瓷化后的抗压强度分别为3.47MPa、10.13MPa、体积电阻率≥28×10~(12)Ω·cm,满足电缆用硅橡胶的力学和绝缘要求。经热重分析及SEM分析可知加入瓷化填料后,试样烧蚀重量减少了39.4%,烧蚀残留率大大提高,且成瓷试样结构致密。     

Hydrolytic degradation of carbohydrate-based polyamides of the AABB type derived from l-arabinose and d-xylose

The hydrolytic degradation of a series of aregic carbohydrate-based polyamides derived from l-arabinose and d-xylose is described. These polyamides are those that are fully sugar-based (PA-SuSu), those derived from aldaric acids and polyalkylene diamines (PA-mSu), and those derived from diamine sugars and polyalkylene dicarboxylic acids (PA-Sun). Their physical properties and crystal structures depend on their constitution and the configuration of the carbohydrate-based moiety. The feasibility of the hydrolysis of these polyamides was, in general, related with such structural properties. Thus, the fully sugar-based PA-SuSu were amorphous, water-soluble materials, and were hydrolysed in water at 70 °C. PA-mSu were crystalline and more resistant to hydrolysis — they were degraded at pH 2 and 70 °C [T_g(s) 60-90 °C]. PA-Sun were amorphous and highly hygroscopic materials — they were hydrolysed in water at 37 °C [T_g(s) 25-40 °C].     

中国土地制度的宪法解释：问题、争议及权衡

近年来,中国土地制度引发诸多争论,集中体现为对宪法第十条的不同解释。许多学者试图“回到宪法”,通过对土地条款的规范宪法学解释来弥合分歧。然而,从基本权利理论出发的规范宪法学解释方案并未能消弭分歧。这一争论的实质是土地增值收益分配,不同学者在此问题上持有不同的利益关怀。土地增值收益分配与中国宪制紧密相联,现有土地制度对于处理国家与民众关系、不同利益群体之间关系、中央与地方关系具有重要意义。因此,要以慎言违宪的态度对待宪法确立的土地制度基本架构。对于决策层而言,需要注意土地制度的变动,特别是土地增值收益分配机制的调整与中国城市化所处阶段相匹适,审慎权衡此种变动所带来的一系列影响。     

中国共产党党章的百年变迁—主题与变奏

作为依规治党的根本大法和依法治国的价值担纲,党章构成了“中国之治”的基础规范。党章内含的“社会主义”“民族主义”“发展主义”三项根本法,是理解党章百年变迁的内在线索。党章中的“社会主义”,经历了从“社会革命”到新民主主义革命,再到社会主义初级阶段的转换,克服了时序上的盲动主义和内涵上的教条主义,进入了用“中国特色”探索和定义社会主义的新阶段;党章中的“民族主义”有着民族先锋队和民族共同体的双重内涵,并呈现出构成性民族主义和超越性民族主义的双重面向;党章中的“发展主义”在阶段上经历了从救亡图存到伟大复兴的重大转换,在理念上正在实现从传统发展主义到新发展主义的历史跨越。党创制了党章,党章也在塑造着党。正确处理党章三项根本性议程及其内在张力,是“通过党章的治理”之关键所在。     

SSIMS表征催化剂的表面状态和结构层次

自Benninghoven。A 提出静态二次离子质谱(Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry或SSIMS)方法以来,它就成为一种极灵敏的表面分析技术。近年来,SSIMS技术在多相催化研究中的应用日益广泛。我们曾成功地用SSIMS表征过MoO_3-NiO-P_2O_5/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂的表面结构层次.本工作中,我们应用SSIMS,并结合XPS对新型催化剂MoO_-CoO/TiO_2-Al_2O_3的表面结构层次和表面状态作了研究.实验结果和我们原先用PASCA(Positron     

镍-磷/纳米碳管化学复合镀层的研究

采用化学复合镀方法,在基体铜片上进行Ni-P／纳米碳管复合镀．用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和显微硬度计等实验手段研究复合镀层的组织、结构和性能．结果表明:随着镀液中纳米碳管含量的增加,复合镀层表面的颗粒变小且密度增加;复合镀层的硬度随纳米碳管含量的增加而提高;此外,纳米碳管的加入,使镀层由非晶变成了纳米晶,促进了复合镀层的晶化．     

Konzentrationen von Isomeren des Typs P m As4−m X 3 in P4S3-As4S3- und P4Se3-As4Se3-Mischungen

The reactions of P₄S₃ with As₄S₃ and of P₄Se₃ with As₄Se₃ in the molten state yields molecules of the type P _m As_4–m S₃ and P _m As_4–m Se₃, respectively. A method was developed to separate the different components by the HPLC technique, and to determine their concentrations. The identification of the isomers in the HPLC pattern was achieved with the aid of the LC-MS method. In the selenium system, the distribution of the different species is statistical. In the system P₄S₃-As₄S₃, the formation of PAs₃S₃ with one phosphorus atom in the apical position is favoured.

     

寿山水坑石的透明度影响因素

采用红外光谱(IR)、X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和差热分析(DTA)等测试,分别从地开石的有序度。矿物微形貌特征以及地开石中水的存在形式对水坑石透明度的影响因素进行了深入研究。红外光谱和XRD测试结果显示样品主要矿物组成为地开石。红外光谱中高频区3 704和3 621 cm-1两吸收峰的分裂程度和XRD图谱中2θ为19°~24°之间的衍射峰的分裂程度可表示地开石有序度,分别计算样品红外光谱中3 704和3 621 cm-1两吸收峰的强度比值(OI)及XRD图谱中(111)晶面衍射峰和(111)晶面衍射峰的分裂程度指数(DHI);计算结果表明这两个表征有序度的参数与透明度并无密切关系。扫描电镜测试结果显示地开石矿物晶体颗粒整体发育越均匀,晶体颗粒形态越相近、粒径大小越均一时,样品透明度越高,但晶体颗粒自身的结晶度、自形程度和粒径的绝对大小与透明度并无关系。差热分析测试结果表明水坑石的透明度与地开石晶体结构中结构水和吸附水的含量有关,结构水含量越接近理论值,样品晶体结构越完整,透明度越高;结构水的含量降低时,部分羟基缺失导致晶体结构完整性下降,结构单元层内部的电荷平衡被破坏,层间域中吸附更多水分子,吸附水在层间域中作为杂质分子存在,使样品的透明度下降。     

The distribution of power in the European Constitution

The aim of this paper is to analyze the distribution of voting power in the Constitution for the enlarged European Union. By using generating functions, we calculate the Banzhaf power indices for the European countries in the Council of Ministers under the decision rules prescribed by the Treaty of Nice and the new rules proposed by the European Constitution Treaty. Moreover, we analyze the power of the European citizens under the egalitarian model proposed by Felsenthal and Machover [D.S. Felsenthal, M. Machover, The measurement of voting power: Theory and practice, problems and paradoxes, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 1998].