A model for crack formation during active solid pyrolysis of a char-forming solid: crack patterns; surface area generation; volatile mass efflux

A model is developed for the formation and propagation of cracks in a material sample that is heated at its top surface, pyrolyses, and then thermally degrades to form char. In this work the sample is heated uniformly over its entire top surface by a hypothetical flame (a heat source). The pyrolysis mechanism is described by a one-step overall reaction that is dependent nonlinearly on the temperature (Arrhenius form). Stresses develop in response to the thermal degradation of the material by means of a shrinkage strain caused by local mass loss during pyrolysis. When the principal stress exceeds a prescribed threshold value, the material forms a local crack. Cracks are found to generally originate at the surface in response to heating, but occasionally they form in the bulk, away from ever-changing material boundaries. The resulting cracks evolve and form patterns whose characteristics are described. Quantities examined in detail are: the crack spacing in the pyrolysis zone; the crack length evolution; the formation and nature of crack loops which are defined as individual cracks that have joined to form loops that are disconnected from the remaining material; the formation of enhanced pyrolysis area; and the impact of all of the former quantities on mass flux. It is determined that the mass flux from the sample can be greatly enhanced over its nominal (non-cracking) counterpart. The mass efflux profile qualitatively resembles those observed in Cone Calorimeter tests.     

A time‐accurate pseudo‐compressibility approach based on an unstructured hybrid finite volume technique applied to unsteady turbulent premixed flame propagation

A preconditioning approach based on the artificial compressibility formulation is extended to solve the governing equations for unsteady turbulent reactive flows with heat release, at low Mach numbers, on an unstructured hybrid grid context. Premixed reactants are considered and a flamelet approach for combustion modelling is adopted using a continuous quenched mean reaction rate. An overlapped cell‐vertex finite volume method is adopted as a discretisation scheme. Artificial dissipation terms for hybrid grids are explicitly added to ensure a stable, discretised set of equations. A second‐order, explicit, hybrid Runge–Kutta scheme is applied for the time marching in pseudo‐time. A time derivative of the dependent variable is added to recover the time accuracy of the preconditioned set of equations. This derivative is discretised by an implicit, second‐order scheme. The resulting scheme is applied to the calculation of an infinite planar (one‐dimensional) turbulent premixed flame propagating freely in reactants whose turbulence is supposed to be frozen, homogeneous and isotropic. The accuracy of the results obtained with the proposed method proves to be excellent when compared to the data available in the literature. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

“Slow” active control of combustion instabilities by modification of liquid fuel spray properties

This paper describes an experimental investigation of the feasibility of using “slow” active control approaches, which “instantaneously” change liquid fuel spray properties, to suppress combustion instabilities. The objective of this control approach was to break up the feedback between the combustion process heat release and combustor pressure oscillations that drive the instability by changing the characteristics of the combustion process (e.g., the characteristic combustion time). To demonstrate the feasibility of such control, this study used a proprietary fuel injector (Nanomiser^TM), which can vary its fuel spray properties, to investigate the dependence of acoustics–combustion process coupling, i.e., the driving of combustion instabilities, upon the fuel spray properties. This study showed that by changing the spray characteristics it is possible to significantly damp combustion instabilities. Furthermore, using combustion zone chemiluminescence distributions, which were obtained by Abel’s deconvolution synchronized with measured acoustic data, it has been shown that the instabilities were mostly driven midway between the combustor centerline and wall, a short distance downstream from the flame holder, where the mean axial flow velocity is approximately zero in the vortex near the flame holder. The results of this study strongly suggest that a “slow” active control system that employs controllable fuel injectors could be effectively used to prevent the onset of detrimental combustion instabilities.     

贝壳固硫过程热重研究

利用LCT-2型热天平对贝壳的固硫反应过程进行了实验研究。探讨了贝壳在含SO2模拟烟气气氛下的固硫能力、温度特性及SO2浓度对其钙利用率的影响特性;并利用JXA-840扫描电镜实验观察了贝壳与石灰石微观结构特性的主要差别。结果表明:贝壳具有良好的微观结构特性和固硫反应活性,其最佳固硫反应温度比石灰石高出约100℃,大部分贝壳更适合作900~1000℃温度下的燃煤固硫剂。     

CID-ICP-AES检测煤中不同形态的硫

研究了CID-ICP-AES检测煤中硫酸盐和硫铁矿形态硫的方法。较现有国标方法快速、简便，常见元素不干扰，加标回收率在98．5％-103．0％之间，10次测定的RSD在0．76％-1．59％之间。     

The prediction of coal properties using compressed infrared data from osculating polynomials

Reduction of the representation of infrared spectra from coal samples by osculating polynomials of degree nine is discussed. The reduced representation contains polynomial coefficients of order zero to four. Mathematical models of the original spectra are obtained by linear combination of the coefficients. These compressed models are statistically correlated to coal properties, namely, volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash content, heating value, hydrogen, carbon, sulphur, nitrogen, and maximum vitrinite reflectance, and the results are compared with those previously obtained from second derivatives of the same spectra. The use of compressed data, while giving slightly better correlations for some of the properties, has the advantage of requiring less computational time.     

Geometrically qualified ESPI vibration analysis of an engine

This paper presents an application in the automotive industry where a combination of electronic speckle-pattern interferometry and laser doppler velocimetry were used at a critical stage in the design process of an internal combustion engine. Combined deformation and surface relief measurements were used to study the phase and amplitude of deformation of a vibrating engine. The relief data was combined with the interferometer geometry and used to geometrically correct the deformation data, in an effort to improve accuracy. The measurements allowed rapid identification and quantification of design weaknesses, particularly those causing undesirable resonances. This led to a significant reduction in the design time and lowering of costs, when compared with existing design optimisation methods.     

燃煤循环流化床燃烧脱硫的模型预测

燃煤循环流化床燃烧脱硫的模型预测池涌，岑可法，倪明江Ｐ·Ｂａｓｕ（浙江大学能源系杭州３１００２７）关键词：循环流化床，燃烧，脱硫，模型预测一、引言循环流化床锅炉在过去十几年中得到了广泛的应用，但与此同时由于循环流化床内流体动力特性的高度复杂使得数学模...     

湍流燃烧二阶矩模型的大涡模拟验证

对美国Sandia国家实验室测量的甲烷-空气湍流射流火焰进行了三维大涡模拟(LES),其统计的时均量以及脉动量符合实验测量值,且和RANS代数二阶矩湍流燃烧模型模拟结果大致符合。LES统计得到的化学反应率系数脉动和甲烷浓度脉动的互关联与对应的时均量梯度的乘积分布趋势相同,大小幅值的位置也相对应,与二阶矩湍流燃烧模型的封闭假设相符,验证了二阶矩代数燃烧模型的合理性。     

Multi‐dimensional combustion waves for Lewis number close to one

This paper is devoted to the study of multi‐dimensional travelling wave solution for a thermo‐diffusive model, describing the propagation of curved flames in an infinite cylinder. The linear dependence of the components of the reaction rate together with the existence of an ignition temperature ensure that the corresponding linearized operator does not satisfy the Fredholm property. A direct consequence is that solvability conditions for the linearized operator are not known and classical methods of nonlinear analysis cannot be directly applied. We prove in this paper existence results of such travelling waves, by first introducing a suitable re‐formulation of the equations and then by choosing suitable weighted spaces that allows us to move the essential spectrum away from zero. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.