关于非平行板电容器电容计算的讨论

用串联方法计算非平行板电容器的电容，简便地得到与其他方法相同的结果。     

一种用于强激光系统的高比能脉冲电容器

 为了满足“神光-Ⅲ”原型装置能源系统的需要,桂林金属膜电容器厂研制成功一种高比能脉冲电容器,其尺寸为295 mm×138 mm×730(830) mm,额定电压25 kV,额定电容及偏差为55 μF,0~5 %,损耗角正切值(2.5 kV,50 Hz)小于 0.1%,比能达0.56 J/cm³ 。对该型电容器进行性能测试,所得电容偏差都在2%~5%范围,损失角正切值小于0.05%;极间耐压试验全部通过,极-地耐压试验全部通过。寿命试验中,放电电流5 kA,1×10⁴次充放电后,电容量下降1.8%。该型电容器目前已投入运行,工作情况良好。     

冲击载荷作用下钽电容的电压瞬变特性及微观机理

为探究钽电容在冲击载荷作用下的失效机制,设计并开展了5组不同强度的钽电容水下爆炸冲击实验,研究了冲击载荷作用下钽电容的电压瞬变特性,通过漏电、充电电流变化分析了钽电容的失效模式,利用扫描电镜观察钽电容的微观结构,讨论了冲击载荷作用下钽电容的失效机理。结果表明：钽电容受冲击后发生短路失效,电压大幅度降低,在自愈完成后电压缓慢上升。随着冲击波超压的增大,钽电容失效的概率增大,钽电容失效的临界超压约为32 MPa。不同类型的电压变化对应不同的失效模式,包括击穿后瞬间自愈、击穿后缓慢自愈和多次击穿自愈。不同类型电压变化的初始漏电电流峰值有较大差别,Ⅰ类电流峰值为2.5~5 A,Ⅱ类为1~2 A,Ⅲ类为8~9 A,且峰值越大,峰宽越小。冲击载荷作用下钽电容的微观失效机理与其氧化膜的瑕疵相关,机理包括氧化膜中微裂缝扩展使得局部电场强度超过击穿场强造成击穿、氧化膜较薄区域下方的杂质及晶态膜突出形成导电通道、贯穿型裂缝形成后气体电离导致的击穿。

     

活性碳纳米管的制备及其在有机电解液中的电容性能研究

以KOH为活化剂对碳纳米管进行化学活化制备双电层电容器用高比表面积活性碳纳米管. 采用TEM和N₂吸附法表征活性碳纳米管的结构, 采用恒流充放电、循环伏安、交流阻抗等评价其在1 mol•L^－1 Et₄NBF₄/PC中的电容性能. 随活化剂用量增大、活化温度升高和活化时间的延长, 活性碳纳米管的比表面积和比电容都呈增大的趋势. 活化剂用量为3∶1, 800 ℃活化4 h制备的活性碳纳米管的比表面积663 m²•g^－1, 比活化前提高了3倍, 其比电容达57.2 F• g^－1, 比活化前提高了2倍. 将活性碳纳米管的比电容与其比表面积相关联, 发现两者之间具有非常好的线性关系, 并分析了原因.     

Role of FTFSI Anion Asymmetry on Physical Properties of AFTFSI (A=Li,Na and K) Based Electrolytes and Consequences on Supercapacitor Application

This study compares the physicochemical properties of six electrolytes comprising of three salts: LiFTFSI, NaFTFSI and KFTFSI in two solvent mixtures, the binary (3EC/7EMC) and the ternary (EC/PC/3DMC). The transport properties (conductivity, viscosity) as a function of temperature and concentration were modeled using the extended Jones-Dole-Kaminsky equation, the Arrhenius model, and the Eyring theory of transition state for activated complexes. Results are discussed in terms of ionicity, solvation shell, and cross-interactions between electrolyte components. The application of the six formulated electrolytes in symmetrical activated carbon (AC)//AC supercapacitors (SCs) was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic cycling with potential limitation (GCPL), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and accelerated aging. Results revealed that the geometrical flexibility of the FTFSI anion allows it to access and diffuse easily in AC whereas its counter ions (Li⁺, Na⁺ or K⁺) can remain trapped in porosity. However, this drawback was partially resolved by mixing LiFTFSI and KFTFSI salts in the electrolyte.     

高比能高功率全石墨烯锂离子电容器

石墨烯由于拥有超高比表面积和超高电导率而被作为电化学电容器材料广泛研究.本文采用树脂为碳源，通过一种方便快捷的树脂交换法制备一种具有高比表面积的多级孔三维石墨烯（3DG）.经过此种方法的催化、造孔、热处理等主要工艺步骤后，可显著增加石墨烯材料的小、介孔数量，从而提高材料的电化学性能.通过BET测试表明，3DG的比表面积可达2400 m²/g，孔体积达到2.0 cm³/g.以3DG作为正负极材料制备高比能量高功率型锂离子电容器（3DG-LIC），可使3DG-LIC的工作电压从传统超级电容器的2.5 V扩展到4.0 V，能量密度也从20 Wh/kg提高到105 Wh/kg.另外，相同的化学和微观结构能很好地平衡正负极的容量及速率，使高比能量高功率的3DG-LIC具有更宽阔的应用领域.     

高容量超级电容器电极材料的设计与制备

超级电容器寿命长,安全性高,并可以实现快速充放电,是化学电源研究的热点之一。然而,超级电容器的能量密度较低限制了其更多的应用。因此,超级电容器领域的研究关注点在如何提高超级电容器的能量密度。其中,提高比容量是提高能量密度的一种有效途径。本文通过对电极材料和电解液的优化来研究制备得到高容量超级电容器的方法。电极材料的比表面积、孔道结构和导电性对其电化学性能有着直接的影响。一方面,通过优化电极材料的孔道结构和比表面积可以增加活性位点并提高电解液离子传导率,从而得到高比电容。另一方面,电极材料导电性的提高有利于提升其电子传导率从而得到较高的比容量。本文分别对碳材料和金属氧化物/氢氧化物的优化达到了增加双电层电容和赝电容的目的。不仅如此,还可以通过在电解液中增加氧化还原电对从而得到高比电容。这一方法为高容量超级电容器的制备提供了新的思路。     

Broadband dielectric characterization of piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride)thin films between 278 K and 308 K

This work describes the dielectric properties of piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) thin films in the frequency and temperature ranges relevant for usual applications. We measured the isothermal dielectric relaxation spectra of commercial piezoelectric PVDF thin films between 10 Hz to 10 MHz, at several temperatures from 278 K to 308 K. Measurements were made for samples in mechanically free and clamped conditions, in the direction of the poling field (perpendicular to the film). We found that the imaginary part of the dielectric relaxation spectra of free and clamped PVDF samples is dominated by a peak, above 100 kHz, that can be characterized by a Havriliak-Negami function. The characteristic time follows an Arrhenius dependence on temperature. Moreover, the spectra of the free PVDF samples show two additional peaks at low frequencies which are associated with mechanical relaxation processes. Our results are important for the characterization of piezoelectric PVDF, particularly after the stretching and poling processes in thin films, and for the design and characterization of a broad range of ultrasonic transducers.     

电化学石英晶体微天平研究高氯酸钠水溶液中活性炭电极的离子存储行为

以电化学石英晶体微天平(EQCM)为主要测试手段,在不同浓度的高氯酸钠(NaClO4)水溶液中研究了水合离子吸附到活性炭电极孔隙过程中电极的质量变化.对于每种电解液,根据Raman光谱和EQCM数据分别计算了本体溶液中和电极/溶液界面上Na+的水合数.通过比对这两组Na+水合数,探讨了Na+存储到活性炭负极过程中的去溶剂化效应.     

Thin-film multi-layer capacitors using Bi2Mg2/3Nb4/3O7 (BMNO) pyrochlore thin films via radio-frequency sputtering

Thin-film multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) were prepared using high-dielectric constant Bi₂Mg_2/3Nb_4/3O₇ thin-films deposited at room temperature via radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. The multi-layer capacitors, in sizes 0402, 0603 and 1005, were well equipped with both inner and outer Cu electrodes. The capacitances of the bi-layer capacitors were twice that of the single-layer version in sizes 0402, 0603, and 1005. The 200 nm-thick Bi₂Mg_2/3Nb_4/3O₇ thin-films would be suitable for thin-film multi-layer capacitor applications.