Infrared and Raman Study of Benzocaine Hydrochloride

The infrared and laser Raman spectra (100-4000 cm¹) of benzocaine hydrochloride were recorded and its vibrations analysed. A theoretical spectrum with the AM1 semiempirical method was calculated. An infrared study with the temperature was also made. From the experimental data, the torsion and inversion barriers of amine group were calculated.     

High Performance Liquid Chromatography Determination of Benzocaine And Phenindamine Tartrate In Cream

Abstract

A rapid, simple and precise high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is presented for the simultaneous determination of benzocaine (I) and phenindamine tartrate (II) in pharmaceutical preparation. The assay was carried out in a stainless steel column of μ-porasil (15 cm × 3.9 mm ID) at ambient temperature using 0.01 N of ammonium perchlorate in methanol at apparent pH of 6.7 as mobile phase. The elution was performed at flow rate of 2 ml/min. The method is sensitive in the range of 6–15.6 pg/ml and 12.6–28.8 pg/ml for benzocaine and phenandamine tartrate, respectively.     

Using Capsaicin Modified Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Based Electrodes and p‐Chloranil Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes for the Determination of Amines: Application to Benzocaine and Lidocaine

The utilization of the capsaicin modified carbon nanotube modified basal‐plane pyrolytic graphite electrode or p‐chloranil modified carbon paste electrodes are presented for the determination of pharmaceutical compounds containing amine functionality, such as benzocaine and lidocaine. In detection of benzocaine at a capsaicin modified electrode, the guaiacol functional group is irreversibly electrochemically oxidized to form the o‐quinone derivative which then undergoes nucleophilic attack by the aromatic amine group in benzocaine via a 1,4‐Michael addition mechanism forming a catechol‐amine adduct. The electrochemically initiated formation of the capsaicin‐benzocaine adduct causes a linear decrease in the voltammetric signal corresponding to capsaicin which correlates to the added concentration of benzocaine.     

Solubility and preferential solvation of benzocaine in {methanol (1) + water (2)} mixtures at 298.15 K

The equilibrium solubility of benzocaine (BZC) in several {methanol (1) + water (2)} mixtures at 298.15 K was determined. Solubility values are expressed in mole fraction and molarity and were calculated with the Jouyban–Acree model. Preferential solvation parameters of BZC by methanol (δx_1,3) were derived from their thermodynamic solution properties using the inverse Kirkwood–Buff integrals method. δx_1,3 values are negative in water-rich mixtures (0.00 < x₁ < 0.32) but positive in the other mixtures (0.32 < x₁ < 1.00). To explain the preferential solvation by water in the former case, it is conjecturable that the hydrophobic hydration around non-polar groups of BZC plays a relevant role in the solvation. Moreover, the higher solvation by methanol in mixtures of similar cosolvent compositions and methanol-rich mixtures could be explained in terms of the higher basic behaviour of methanol regarding water.     

Synthesis and microbiological evaluation of several benzocaine derivatives

Starting from benzocaine, a well-known anaesthetic, ten derivatives were synthesized and characterized by UV–vis, IR, NMR, and elemental analysis. Most of the compounds contain residues with recognized biological activity, like nicotinic acid (vitamin B3 or PP), biotin (vitamin B7 or H), lipoic acid (thioctic acid), adamantine, as well as other residues of crown-ether type, benzofurazane, naphtylurea, di- and tri-nitrobenzene, and a nitroxide radical. The biological evaluation of the obtained compounds included hydrophobicity (lipophobicity) assay, total antioxidant and microbiological activity tests.     

UV light induced surface modification of HDPE films with bioactive compounds

The development of different techniques for surface modification of polymers becomes popular in a last decade. These techniques preserve useful bulk polymer properties unchanged, while the activation of the polymer surface offers more possibilities for polymer applications.In this work, a new, one-step method for bio-activation of HDPE (high density polyethylene) surface by UV irradiation is presented. HDPE films coupled with selected active compound and a photoinitiator was treated by UV lamp, emitting light at 254 nm.For surface functionalization of HDPE films, the following compounds were employed: 2-aminopyridine (AP), N¹-(2-pyridylaminomethyl)-1,2,4-triazole (TA) and benzocaine (BC). The influence of irradiation time on the extent of surface changes was investigated. The modified polymer surfaces were investigated by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle measurements, demonstrating successful functionalization of HDPE surface.     

Investigation on the pH-dependent binding of benzocaine and lysozyme by fluorescence and absorbance

The interaction mechanism between benzocaine (BZC) and lysozyme (Lys) has been investigated by fluorescence, synchronous fluorescence, ultraviolet–vis (UV) absorption spectra, and three-dimensional fluorescence (3-D) in various pH medium. The observations of fluorescence spectra were mainly rationalized in terms of a static quenching process at lower concentration of BZC (C_BZC/C_Lys < 9) and a combined quenching process at higher concentration of BZC (C_BZC/C_Lys > 9) at pH 7.4 and 8.4. However, the fluorescence quenching was mainly arisen from static quenching by complex formation in all studied drug concentrations at pH 3.5. The structural characteristics of BZC and Lys were probed, and their binding affinities were determined under different pH conditions (pH 3.5, 7.4, and 8.4). The results indicated that the binding abilities of BZC to Lys decreased at the pH below and above the simulative physiological condition (pH 7.4) due to the alterations of the protein secondary and tertiary structures or the structural change of BZC. The effect of BZC on the conformation of Lys was analyzed using UV, synchronous fluorescence and three-dimensional fluorescence under different pH conditions. These results indicate that the binding of BZC to Lys causes apparent change in the secondary and tertiary structures of Lys. The effect of Zn²⁺ on the binding constant of BZC with Lys under various pH conditions (pH 3.5, 7.4, and 8.4) was also studied.     

A Stability-Indicating Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Fenoterol in Pharmaceutical Preparations.

ABSTRACT

A simple and highly sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of fenoterol hydrobromide in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on measurement of the orange-yellow color peaking at 436 nm, produced when the drug is coupled with diazotized benzocaine in triethylamine medium. The method is applicable over the range of 0.5 – 10 μg/ml, with minimum detectability of 3.6 ng/ml (≈ 9.4×10^?9 M). The molar absorptivity is 4.61×10⁴ L. mol^?1. cm^?1. with relative standard error of 0.196%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of fenoterol in its dosage forms; the mean recoveries of 99.61 ± 1.59 and 98.97 ± 1.52 for tablets and aerosols, respectively, were obtained. The results of the proposed method were favorably compared to those obtained by the official and reference methods. No i8543168 was encountered from the co-formulated drug ipratropium bromide, common excipients and alkaline induced degradation product. A proposal of the reaction pathway is presented.     

Thermodynamic Study of the Solubility of Benzocaine in some Organic and Aqueous Solvents

The thermodynamic functions free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of solution, were evaluated from solubility data of benzocaine determined at several temperatures in octanol, water, and the mutually saturated solvents, in isopropyl myristate, water, and the mutually saturated solvents, and in cyclohexane. In aqueous media the solubility was determined at pH 7.4 and ionic strength 0.15 mol-L^–1. The excess free energy and the activity coefficients of the solutes also were determined. The solubility was higher in organic media, such as octanol and isopropyl myristate, than in aqueous media and cyclohexane.