等浓度三级反应的热动力学研究

根据热动力学基础理论,本文首次建立和讨论了等浓度三级反应的无量纲参数法.测定了20℃时环氧氯丙烷与氢溴酸反应的速率常数,实验的重现性很好,计算此反应的速率常数在误差范围内与文献值相符合.证明了等浓度三级反应无纲参数法的正确性,拓宽了无量纲参数法的应用范围.     

NANOMECHANICAL MAPPING OF CARBON BLACK REINFORCED NATURAL RUBBER BY ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY

Atomic force microscopy （AFM） has the advantage of obtaining mechanical properties as well as topographic information at the same time. By analyzing force-distance curves measured over two-dimensional area using Hertzian contact mechanics, Young＇s modulus mapping was obtained with nanometer-scale resolution. Furthermore, the sample deformation by the force exerted was also estimated from the force-distance curve analyses. We could thus reconstruct a real topographic image by incorporating apparent topographic image with deformation image. We applied this method to carbon black reinforced natural rubber to obtain Young＇s modulus distribution image together with reconstructed real topographic image. Then we were able to recognize three regions; rubber matrix, carbon black （or bound rubber） and intermediate regions. Though the existence of these regions had been investigated by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance, this paper would be the first to report on the quantitative evaluation of the interfacial region in real space.     

Quantum Black Hole

Creation of a black hole in quantum cosmology is the third way of black hole formation. In contrast to the gravitational collapse from a massive body in astrophysics or from the quantum fluctuation of matter fields in the very early universe, in the quantum cosmology scenario the black hole is essentially created from nothing. The black hole originates from a constrained gravitational instanton. The probability of creation for all kinds of single black holes in the Kerr-Newman family, at the semiclassical level, is the exponential of the total entropy of the universe, or one quarter of the sum of both the black hole and the cosmological horizon areas. The de Sitter spacetime is the most probable evolution at the Planckian era.     

LETTER: Pair Creation of Schwarzschild-anti-de Sitter Black Holes

For a spherically symmetric vacuum model with anegative cosmological constant, a complex constrainedinstanton is considered as the seed for the quantum paircreation of Schwarzschild-anti-de Sitter black holes. The relative creation probability isfound to be the exponential of the negative of the blackhole entropy. The black hole entropy is known to be onequarter of the black hole horizon area. In the absence of a general noboundary proposal foropen creation, the constrained instanton approach isused in treating both the open and closed pair creationsof black holes.     

Reinforcement effects of multiwall carbon nanotubes in elastomeric matrices: Comparison with other types of fillers

Mechanical and electrical properties of composites based on butyl rubber and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are investigated. Gradual increases in elastic moduli are observed with the filler content. It was found that the degree of strain affects the electrical resistivity. Finally, the level of reinforcement imparted to a rubbery matrix by carbon nanotubes is compared with that provided by other types of fillers such as carbon black, clay fibers or layered silicates.     

Circular Orbits in Stationary Axisymmetric Spacetimes

Several types of characteristics of spatially circular timelike trajectories in stationary axisymmetric spacetimes are related in a simple and covariant manner. The relations allow us to establish straightforward links between different phenomena often studied on circular orbits: mechanics of a single test particle, precession of gyroscopes with respect to important vectors defined along the orbit, geometrical parameters (curvatures) of the trajectory provided by the Frenet-Serret formalism, and geometrical properties (vorticity and shear) of the whole circular congruence.     

NAD(P)H辅酶模型还原碳正离子反应的研究: 动力学、热力学及反应机理

本文对NAD(P)H模型物BNAH同xanthylium正离子反应的动力学进行了较为详尽的测定。同位素效应,自由基抑制剂对反应的影响以及对不同机理模式中各基元步骤的热力学趋动力的研究均表明,反应由决速的电子转移引发,随后通过快速的氢原子转移而形成产物。动力学活化参数的分析指出,电子转移前反应底物间首先形成一个预配合平衡。本文还对BNAH还原9-苯基xanthylium正离子和三苯甲烷正离子的机理进行了较合理的估测。     

硅烷化活性炭的吸附性质

本工作测定了25℃和35℃时硅烷化活性炭自水溶液中吸附苯甲酸和苯甲醛的等温线;计算了吸附过程的ΔGⅲ,ΔHⅲ和ΔSⅲ;用Hill-deBoer方程处理了实验结果。所得结果表明:(1)随硅烷化时间延长,苯甲酸和苯甲醛的吸附量(mol.m^-^2)明显增加;-ΔGⅲ和-ΔHⅲ略有升高,ΔSⅲ为正值;(2)吸附分子之间的相互作用很弱,吸附分子与活性炭表面间的作用随硅烷化程度增加而加大;(3)芳香化合物可能是以苯环吸附在炭表面上的。     

硝酸铬与组氨酸配合行为的相化学与热化学研究

用相平衡方法研究了硝酸铬-组氨酸-水体系在298.15K时的溶度,绘制了体系的相图,发现并制备了文献未报道的一致溶解配合物:Cr(His)(NO3)3·3H2O(A),Cr(His)2(NO3)3·3H2O(B)和Cr(His)3(NO3)3·3H2O(C),经分析确定了其组成。用微热量计热测定了硝酸铬和组氨酸在水中的反应焓,计算了这些反应的热动力学参数(活化焓、活化熵及活化自由能)、速率常数和动力学能数(活化能、指前因子及反应级数)。     

微量热法研究过氧化氢酶底物抑制动力学

过氧化氢酶是需氧生物体内抗氧化酶系的重要组分。过氧化氢酶催化过氧化氢分解是一个两底物酶促反应,依照Chance提出的机理,反应速率方程具有一级反应方程的形式。此反应在高浓度底物存在的情况下,表现出明显的不可逆底物抑制。本研究用热动力学方法研究了这一反应,提出了一种不可逆底物抑制机理,并应用该机理求出了相关动力学参数。在310.15K,pH=7.0时k0=9.6×10^5L·mol^-1^·s^-1,k1/k2=2.9×10^6。实验结果证明此机理正确有效。