Molecular programming of organogelators which can accept [60]fullerene by encapsulation

New porphyrin-based gelators bearing eight hydrogen-bond-forming amide groups at their periphery were synthesized. They acted as versatile gelators for aromatic solvents. SEM and TEM observations and X-ray crystallographic analysis established that they tend to aggregate into a two-dimensional sheet-like structure utilizing the intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interaction. In this structure the porphyrin-porphyrin π-π stacking interaction is not involved because of the energetically-predominant hydrogen-bonding interactions, keeping the space distance of 12.9 Å. Very interestingly, when C₆₀ was added, the morphology was transformed to a one-dimensional fibrous structure, which can enjoy a porphyrin-C₆₀-porphyrin interaction. This multicapsular structure having porphyrin-based compartments for hosting C₆₀ was further characterized by XRD, EPR of a Cu(II) analogue, and the theoretical calculation. Thus, this paper presents a new concept, ‘molecular recognition in gel’, which is effective for the weak host-guest interaction.     

Electrical conduction nature and phase transition in CaTi1−x FexO3−δ (x = 0.1–0.5)

Transport numbers for oxygen ions and protons are measured by an emf method in the system CaTi_1?x Fe_xO_3?δ (x = 0.1–0.5) in the oxidizing and reducing atmospheres in the temperature interval 973–1173 K. It is shown that the compounds under study are mixed ion-electron conductors at small iron concentrations and electron conductors, at large iron contents. The proton conductivity in the compounds is very poor and does not exceed 0.5% in air. On the basis of the temperature dependences of transport numbers for ions and linear expansion, it is established that the CaTi_0.9Fe_0.1O_3?δ system has a phase transition of a second order in a reducing environment at 1020–1050 K. The total and partial electron conductivities of CaTi_0.9Fe_0.1O_3?δ are studied as a function of the partial pressure of oxygen at 1173 K. The nature of electroconduction in CaTi_1?x Fe_xO_3?δ is discussed.     

One-step deprotonation route to zinc amide and ester enolates for use in aldol reactions and Negishi couplings

Simple amides and esters are conveniently deprotonated by Zn(tmp)₂ (tmp = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl anion) to generate Zn enolates. Enolates formed by this method are suitable for use in aldol reactions that tolerate base-sensitive functional groups. Additionally, the Zn enolates are readily coupled with aryl bromides using typical Pd-catalyzed coupling methods.     

锆氢催化的酰胺硼氢化合成胺类化合物研究:机理、使用范围和应用

发展温和条件下胺类化合物的高效合成方法是催化与合成领域长期研究的课题.其中,酰胺还原因其原料来源广、易于合成而广受关注.酰胺还原到胺需要选择性断裂C=O键,因此该反应具有很大的挑战性.传统酰胺还原方法需要使用当量的强还原试剂,如四氢铝锂、硼氢化钠等,且官能团兼容性较差.使用氢气还原原子经济性最高,也最有吸引力;然而,目前已报道的体系大都在高温(>120℃)或高压(>40 bar H2)的条件下进行.虽然催化硼氢化可以在温和的条件下将羰基化合物还原,但由于酰胺化合物惰性比较高,其选择性的催化硼氢化研究则相对较少,而且在温和条件下对三级、二级、一级酰胺都适用的例子依然非常有限.本文采用前过渡金属锆氢催化剂实现了室温条件下酰胺选择性硼氢化制备胺类化合物,并进行了详细的机理研究.原位红外监测到反应过程中酰胺和硼烷逐渐减少,目标产物逐渐增多;但并未给出其他反应中间体的信息.核磁研究以及对照实验结果表明,反应中有苯甲醛的生成,可能是反应中间体.因此推测,该催化体系经历了锆氢介导的酰胺C?N键断裂、重组、C?O键断裂这一特殊的酰胺键活化转化过程.DFT计算也证实了上述反应历程的可行性.除一些常见官能团外,本方法对羧酸酯、氰基、硝基、烯烃和炔烃这些可能被硼氢化的官能团同样具有兼容性.而且本文体系对一些生物、药物分子衍生酰胺的硼氢化也可以顺利进行.可见,本文发展了一种温和条件下使用廉价催化剂和原料选择性合成胺类化合物的方法.     

含4(3H)-喹唑啉酮结构的取代1,3,4-噁二唑(噻二唑)化合物的合成及抗菌活性研究

以2-胺基苯甲酸为原料,通过环化、缩合、肼解、环化、硫醚化和氧化等步骤,合成了10个含喹唑啉酮取代1,3,4-噁二唑(噻二唑)化合物。通过1H NMR、13C NMR、MS 和元素分析进行确证其结构。初步抑菌活性测试表明,化合物浓度在50 μg/mL时,对葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)、拟茎点霉菌(Phomopsis sp.)和灰霉菌(B. cinerea)具有中等抑制活性。另外,目标化合物对猕猴桃溃疡病(Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidia)均具有一定的抑制活性,其中化合物6a和6b对猕猴桃溃疡病的EC50值为11.7 μg/mL和20.5 μg/mL,优于对照药剂叶枯唑(24.5 μg/mL)。这类化合物具有较好抗菌的生物活性,在此基础上进行结构优化,有望发现较高活性化合物。     

Graphene oxide (GO) catalyzed transamidation of aliphatic amides: An efficient metal-free procedure

Transamidation involves direct interconversion of an amide with amine, and represents an alternative to the common method of amide formation from the reaction of carboxylic acid with an amine. While the carboxamides have huge potential in biological systems and polymer industries, their formation from carboxylic acids requires activation by a suitable catalyst. A metal-free transamidation of aliphatic amide with aromatic amine catalyzed by graphene oxide (GO) has been developed and established as a general, synthetically useful and selective procedure. Graphene oxide bearing several carboxylic acids on the edges and having large surface area acts as an efficient and recyclable catalyst for transamidation.     

Conformational analysis of N-aryl-N-(2-azulenyl)acetamides

Aromatic amides bearing 2-azulenyl group on the amide nitrogen were synthesized and their structures were investigated. The π-electron density of the N-aryl group was found to influence the cis-trans conformational preferences of these compounds in solution. X-ray crystallography revealed that the plane of the 2-azulenyl ring has a strong tendency to lie coplanar with the amide plane when the azulene group is located on the same side as the amide oxygen atom.     

Type II Anion Relay Chemistry: Exploiting Bifunctional Weinreb Amide Linchpins for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Differentiated 1,3‐Diketones,Pyrans, and Spiroketals

The design, synthesis, and validation of new highly effective bifunctional linchpins for type II anion relay chemistry (ARC) has been achieved. The mechanistically novel negative‐charge migration that comprises the Brook rearrangement is now initiated by a stabilized tetrahedral intermediate, which is generated by nucleophilic addition to a Weinreb amide, rather than by a simple oxyanion that is generated from an epoxide. As a result, the linchpin preserves the carbonyl functionality in the ARC adducts, thus permitting access to functionally complex systems in a single flask without the need for further chemical manipulations. This tactic was validated with the one‐pot preparation of monoprotected 1,3‐diketones as well as pyran and spiroketal scaffolds, depending on the choice of nucleophile, electrophile, and work‐up conditions.     

Carbonylation of C−N Bonds in Tertiary Amines Catalyzed by Low‐Valent Iron Catalysts

The first iron catalysts able to promote the formal insertion of CO into the C?N bond of amines are reported. Using low‐valent iron complexes, including K₂[Fe(CO)₄], amides are formed from aromatic and aliphatic amines, in the presence of an iodoalkane promoter. Inorganic Lewis acids, such as AlCl₃ and Nd(OTf)₃, have a positive influence on the catalytic activity of the iron salts, enabling the carbonylation at a low pressure of CO (6 to 8 bars).     

A Review of Surface Functionalized Amine Terminated Dendrimers for Application in Biological and Molecular Sensing

Dendrimers are three dimensional nanosized synthetic molecules that have internal cavities and numerous surface groups. In recent times they have received increased attention in sensing applications. For dendrimers to be used as sensors, they most commonly require functionalization at their surface. This is because the surface is generally the first point of contact between the dendrimer and the outside world, hence surface functionalization serves to selectively home in on the target analyte. Further, sensor signals may be transmitted through surface functionalities e.g. fluorochromic molecules. It is therefore important to document surface functionalization approaches. Dendrimers with amine surface groups have the advantage of being able to be conjugated to other molecules via an amide linkage, which is one of the most fundamental and widespread chemical bonds in nature. In this paper we demonstrate the properties of dendrimers that make them so applicable to sensing. We review several methods for functionalizing dendrimers via an amide linkage, as well as present a review of surface functionalized polyamidoamine, polyamine, and polypeptide dendrimers that have been employed for biological, chemical and molecular sensing.