Radial excitation states of η and η′ in the chiral quark model

A chiral quark model is applied to calculate the spectra of pseudoscalar mesons η and η . By analyzing the obtained spectra, we find that the mesons η (2 1 S 0 ), η(4 1 S 0 ), η (3 1 S 0 ) and η (4 1 S 0 ) are the possible candidates of η(1760), X(1835), X(2120) and X(2370). The strong decay widths of these pseudoscalars to all the possible two-body decay channels are calculated within the framework of the 3 P 0 model. Although the total width of η (21S0 ) is compatible with the BES Collaboration’s experimental value for η(1760), the partial decay width to ωω is too small, which is not consistent with the BES result. If X(1835) is interpreted as η(4 1 S 0 ), the total decay width is compatible with the experimental data, and the main decay modes will be πa 0 (980) and πa 0 (1450), which needs to be checked experimentally. The assignment of X(2120) and X(2370) to η (31S0 ) and η (41S0 ) is disfavored in the present calculation because of the incompatibility of the decay widths.     

Complex dynamics of cellular automata rule 119

In this paper, the dynamical behaviors of cellular automata rule 119 are studied from the viewpoint of symbolic dynamics in the bi-infinite symbolic sequence space Σ₂. It is shown that there exists one Bernoulli-measure global attractor of rule 119, which is also the nonwandering set of the rule. Moreover, it is demonstrated that rule 119 is topologically mixing on the global attractor and possesses the positive topological entropy. Therefore, rule 119 is chaotic in the sense of both Li-Yorke and Devaney on the global attractor. It is interesting that rule 119, a member of Wolfram’s class II which was said to be simple as periodic before, actually possesses a chaotic global attractor in Σ₂. Finally, it is noted that the method presented in this work is also applicable to studying the dynamics of other rules, especially the 112 Bernoulli-shift rules therein.