良渚文化陶器功用的初步科学研究

良渚文化是中国重要的新石器时代晚期的文化遗存。对于良渚文化的某些陶器如加砂缸和鼎的功用,在学术界存在着不同的认识。运用能量色散X射线荧光探针技术,对取自良渚遗址的加砂缸及鼎的残片样品进行了线扫描,主要分析了Cl,Ca和P元素,以探讨这两种陶器的功用。结果表明,加砂缸底部的内侧与外侧在Cl元素的含量及其分布态势上均未出现异常,因此可以基本确定良渚文化的加砂缸并非用于制盐或存盐,至于加砂缸的真正用途,则还需更进一步的工作予以确认。而另一个器形鼎,则在Ca及P元素含量上表现出明显高于加砂缸以及其他同时期古代陶器的特征,且器物内侧的Ca及P元素含量明显高于外侧的,由此推断良渚文化的鼎属于煮器,且以烹煮肉类食物为主。     

浙江小黄山与河南贾湖遗址出土新石器时代前期陶器化学组成的WDXRF分析研究

利用能量色散X射线荧光光谱法(energy disperse X-ray fluorescence,EDXRF)对浙江嵊州小黄山与河南舞阳贾湖两处新石器时代前期遗址出土陶器的主量元素化学组成进行了分析测定.结果显示,这两处遗址出土陶器的化学组成地域特征明显,与贾湖遗址相比,小黄山遗址陶器具有我国南方陶瓷器普遍存在的“高...     

穆斯堡尔谱学三十年

 穆斯堡尔在阅读自己关于¹⁹¹Ir共振的第一篇文章时突然意识到,他可以直接由多谱勒位移实验来确定自然宽度的谱线--他预见到会有一场竞争.他把文章送到在他看来“没有多少人阅读的德文《自然科学》杂志上”发表.当立即有二百多人来索取复印本时,他“迅速意识到这竟是犯了一个多么大的错误”.他因发现这种“无反冲γ射线共振吸收效应”,获得1961年诺贝尔物理奖.鲁道夫·路德维希·穆斯堡尔生于1929年1月31日.他在一些工业实验室花费了一年时间,后来进入慕尼黑工业大学,1952年完成学位课程,1954年完成了他的论文.1955-1957年,他到马克斯-普朗克医学研究所从事研究工作,1958年在慕尼黑工业大学获得博士学位.     

WDXRF和FTIR对古滇国遗址出土陶器的初步分析

利用波长色散型X射线荧光光谱（WDXRF）和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对环抚仙湖分布的澄江学山、金莲山和江川光坟头3个古滇国遗址出土的陶器从化学、结构组成以及烧成温度3方面进行了初步分析.WDXRF主次量元素分析结果表明,各遗址同类陶器（尤其是红陶）的基本制陶原料具有相似性,黑（褐）陶中添加的助熔剂含量明显高于红陶.FTIR分析结果显示同类陶器中包含的矿物具有一致性,红陶中含有石英和疑似铁矿物,黑（褐）陶中则都添加了大量的碳酸盐矿物.基于FTIR结果还对两类陶器的烧成温度做出了初步判断,估计黑（褐）陶在600-700℃,红陶在800℃左右.黑（褐）陶中较高含量的助熔剂可能在降低烧成温度方面起到了重要作用.以上初步分析表明,3个遗址出土的同类陶器在原料选择和烧成温度方面具有相似处,遗址间可能存在密切的联系.     

新石器时代古陶器的化学计量学研究

本工作采用化学计量学方法抽提古陶器发明和技术演变的历史信息。数据分析表明:若干早期陶器的烧制是用在土中掺入未燃烧完全的植物茎叶灰,采用含铁较高的粘土,使之含有能形成低温共熔体的氧化亚铁、磷酸盐等组分,成为能在较低温度烧结的制陶原料。因此,当时能在700~800℃低温烧制成功。其后随着窑的发明和窑技术的进步,达到1000℃以上的烧成温度,所用制陶原料亦相应发生改变。但类似的易熔组分和添加草木灰又成为配制原始瓷铀的配方,从而过渡到原始瓷器的发明的一个重要因素。     

EFFECT OF Z-PINS＇ DIAMETER, SPACING AND OVERLAP LENGTH ON CONNECTING PERFORMANCE OF CMC SINGLE LAP JOINT

The effect of through-thickness reinforcement by composite pins （Z-pins） on the static tensile strength and failure mechanisms of the joints made from ceramic matrix composite （CMC） is investigated. Overlap length of the single lap joint is 15 mm, 20 mm, 23 mm, 37 mm, and 60 mm, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the final failure modes of the joints can be divided into two groups, （a） the bond-line stops debonding until crack encounters Z-pins; and then the adherends break at the location of Z-pins, when overlap length is more than 20 mm; （b） the bond-line detaches entirely and Z-pins are drawn from adherends, when overlap length is equal to 15 mm. A simple efficient computational approach is presented for analyzing the benefit of through-thickness pins for restricting failure in the single lap joints. Here, the mechanics problem is simplified by representing the effect of the pins by tractions acting on the fracture surfaces of the cracked bond-line. The tractions are prescribed as functions of the crack displacement, which are available in simple forms that summarize the complex deformations to a reasonable accuracy. The resulting model can be used to track the evolution of complete failure mechanisms, for example, bond-line initial delamination and ultimate failure associated with Z-pin pullout, ultimate failure of the adherends. The paper simulates connecting performance of the single lap joints with different Z-pins＇ diameter, spacing and overlap length; the numerical results agree with the experimental results; the numerical results indicate enlarging diameter and decreasing spacing of Z-pins are in favor of improving the connecting performance of the joints. By numerical analysis method, the critical overlap length that lies between two final failure modes is between 18 mm and 19 mm, when Z-pins＇ diameter and spacing are 0.4 mm, 5 mm, respectively.     

成都金沙遗址古代陶片的PIXE和RBS分析(英文)

成都金沙遗址的年代覆盖了商代晚期至西周时期（公元前1200年—公元前650年）, 一般被认为是三星堆文化的延续。初步建立了质子激发X射线发射（PIXE）和卢瑟福背散射（RBS）实验装置, 并采用PIXE和RBS方法研究了从金沙遗址出土的部分陶片的元素组成。通过因子分析, 观察到来自不同地层的陶片的元素组成存在一定的差异, 这可能意味着制作陶器的陶土在不同时期取自不同的地点。也观察到来自不同发掘坑的陶片的元素组成没有明显的聚类现象, 这可能意味着制作不同使用用途的陶器所用的陶土是没有区别的。Jinsha Ruins Site, Chengdu, China, spanned the age from late Shang Dynasty to Western Zhou Dynasty (B.C.1200—B.C.650), was generally considered as the inheritance of Sanxingdui Culture. This paper focuses on the studies of the pottery unearthed from Jinsha. PIXE and RBS experimental setup was preliminarily established and these techniques were employed to find the elemental composition of those collected shards. From the results of factor analysis, the differences can be seen among pottery shards from different stratums, which may suggest that the clay gathered from different sites was used in different periods. The authors also found that there was no obvious assemblage phenomenon in the factor analysis among the pottery shards from different pits, this may be the evidence for “no special clay for special use”.     

Dielectric Properties of Fine-Grained BaTiO3 Ceramics under High Pressure

We investigate the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant of BaTiO3 ceramic with coarse to nanograin size under different hydrostatic high pressures up to 5000 bar in the range between room temperature and 200℃. The ferroelectric-to-paraelectric phase transition temperatures Tc are determined from the peak of dielectric constant versus temperature. The values of average grain-size are estimated from the SEM images. It is found that the magnitude of dTc/dp varies considerably from sample to sample depending on grain size. The Curie point Tc of the sample with small grain size decreases more sharply than that of samples with larger one.     

文艺复兴时期的纳米装饰技术

意大利的物理学家发现文艺复兴时期的陶器上 ,一些闪亮的金色和红色来自于这些陶器釉层中的金属纳米颗粒和铜离子 .这种带有光泽的妆饰广泛地用于文艺复兴时期 .在意大利的德鲁塔和古比奥发现的著名的陶器上就可见到这种妆饰 .两年前 ,科学家们发现这种妆饰是由含有银和铜纳米颗粒的金属玻璃层组成的 .这些纳米颗粒的直径在 5— 10 0nm之间 ,能产生明亮的金色和红色反射光 .虽然关于这些陶器的历史有很多记载 ,但是对于这种闪光妆饰技术本身却没有什么科学资料可循 .意大利佩鲁贾大学的BrunoBrunetti与他在佩鲁贾、帕多瓦和威尼斯大学以及…