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本文综述了利用CO2和环氧乙烷(EO)直接催化合成碳酸乙烯酯(EC)的研究进展,详细讨论了各种催化剂活化EO和CO2,完成环加成反应的催化机理,并展望了该领域的研究前景。 相似文献
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Solvation interaction and ion association in solutions of lithium perchlorate/4-methoxymethyl-ethylene carbonate (MEC) have been studied by using Infrared and Raman spectra as a function of concentration of lithium perchlorate. The splitting of ring deformation band and ring ether asymmetric stretching band, and the change of carbonyl stretching band suggest that there should be a strong interaction between Li^+ and the solvent molecules, and the site of solvation should be the oxygen atom of carbonyl group. The apparent solvation number of Li^+ was calculated by using band fitting technique. The solvation number was decreased from 3.3 to 1.1 with increasing the concentration of LiClO4/MEC solutions. On the other hand, the band fitting for the ClO4^- band revealed the presence of contact ion pair, and free ClO4^- anion in the concentrated solutions. 相似文献
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Guifang Zeng Yining Liu Chunyan Gu Kai Zhang Yongling An Chuanliang Wei Jinkui Feng Jiangfeng Ni 《物理化学学报》2020,36(5):1905006-0
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in cellphones, laptops, and electric cars owing to their high energy density and long operational lifetime. However, their further deployment in large-scale energy storage systems is restricted by the uneven distribution of lithium resources (~0.0017% (mass fraction, w) in the Earth's crust). Therefore, alternative energy storage systems composed of abundant elements are of urgent need. Recently, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted significant attention and are considered to be a potential alternative for next-generation batteries owing to abundant sodium resources (~2.64% (w) of the Earth's crust), suitable potential (−2.71 V), and low cost. SIBs are similar to LIBs in terms of their physical and electrochemical properties. Previous studies have mainly focused on SIB storage materials, including hard carbon, alloys, and hexacyanoferrate, while the safety of SIBs remains largely unexplored. Similar to LIBs, the current electrolytes used in SIBs are mainly composed of flammable organic carbonate solvents (or ether solvents), sodium salts, and functional additives, which pose possible safety issues. Moreover, the chemical activity of sodium is much higher than that of lithium, leading to a higher risk of fire, thermal runaway, and explosion. To overcome this problem, herein we propose a fluorinated non-flammable electrolyte composed of 0.9 mol∙L−1 NaPF6 (sodium hexafluorophosphate) in an intermixture of di-(2, 2, 2 trifluoroethyl) carbonate (TFEC) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) in a 7 : 3 ratio by volume. Its physical and electrochemical properties were studied by ionic conductivity, direct ignition, cyclic voltammetry, and charge/discharge measurements, demonstrating excellent flame-retarding ability and outstanding compatibility with sodium electrodes. The electrochemical tests showed that the Prussian blue cathode retained a capacity of 84 mAh∙g−1 over 50 cycles in the prepared electrolyte, in contrast to the rapid capacity degradation in a flammable conventional carbonate electrolyte (74 mAh∙g−1 with 57% capacity retention after 50 cycles). To test the practical application of the proposed electrolyte, a hard carbon anode was used and exhibited exceptional performance in this system. The enhancement mechanism was further verified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning emission microscopy (SEM) investigations. Polycarbonate on the surface of the cathode played an important role for the studied electrolyte system. The polycarbonate may originate from FEC decomposition, which can enhance the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer and reduce impedance. Hence, we believe that this proposed electrolyte may provide new opportunities for the design of robust and safe SIBs for next-generation applications. 相似文献
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ZHANG Dan JIA Shu-yong WANG Yue YAO Jie WANG Gong-ying 《高等学校化学研究》2007,23(2):173-175
IntroductionDimethyl carbonate(DMC) is known to be a novelbuilding block in organic synthesis. As an environmen-tally benign compound and a unique intermediate,DMC has attracted much attention[1,2]. Among the va-rious methods for synthesizing DMC, the tra… 相似文献
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CO2作为重要的碳氧资源, 具有来源丰富、价格低廉、安全等突出优点. 近年来, 由于蕴含的巨大利用潜力,CO2间接利用制备基础化学品、能源燃料对于可持续制备大宗化工品中具有重要研究意义, 日益受到研究者和工业界的广泛重视.甲醇与乙二醇是化学工业中的两种重要大宗原料. 甲醇不仅是重要的有机化工原料、清洁环保的液体燃料, 同时也是氢气和能量储存的良好载体. 乙二醇作为一种重要的有机化工原料, 在聚酯等领域具有广泛应用.CO2经碳酸乙烯酯氢解制备甲醇/乙二醇是典型的原子经济反应, 对资源、能源和环境的可持续发展具有重要意义. 需要指出的是,CO2与环氧乙烷环加成制备碳酸乙烯酯已具备成熟的工业化技术. 因此, 该路线研究重点在于发展碳酸乙烯酯选择加氢联产甲醇和乙二醇高效稳定的催化体系. 近年来, 铜基多相催化剂催化碳酸乙烯酯加氢联产甲醇乙二醇得到了广泛重视. 由于铜基催化剂存在活性较低、高温易失活等问题, 开发高效且具有良好稳定性的铜基催化剂是目前碳酸乙烯酯加氢研究重点.本文针对碳酸乙烯酯选择氢解合成甲醇乙二醇新型铜基催化体系构建和构效关系研究, 采用硅溶胶蒸氨法制备高分散 Cu/SiO2过程中引入多羟基β-环糊精修饰催化剂前驱体的合成策略, 并通过惰性气体中煅烧后的积碳有效抑制活性铜物种的团聚, 获得了β-环糊精改性的 Cu/SiO2催化剂. 通过 N2吸脱附、XRD、N2O 滴定、H2-TPR、TEM 和 XPS 等系统表征,发现β-环糊精可有效调控催化剂结构和表面不同价态活性铜物种分布. 碳酸乙烯酯加氢性能评价结果表明引入适量β-环糊精的 5β-25%Cu/SiO2具有较优催化活性, 乙二醇选择性 98.8% 和甲醇选择性 71.6%, 且相应的催化活性可达 1178 mgEC gcat-1h-1. 高活性的原因很可能归因于不同价态 Cu0与 Cu+物种协同催化作用及适宜的 Cu+/(Cu0+Cu+) 比例. 结合密度泛函理论模拟计算, 我们提出了 Cu0促进氢气解离、Cu+吸附活化碳酸乙烯酯分子中酯羰基的反应机理. 催化剂重复使用和表征结果表明, 5β-25%Cu/SiO2具有良好的稳定性, 使用前后铜粒子大小和铜物种分布几乎未发生明显变化. 本文为解决铜基催化剂高温易烧结等难题提供了简单有效的活性铜物种稳定化方法, 并为CO2经碳酸乙烯酯绿色合成甲醇、乙二醇高效稳定铜基催化新体系的构筑提供了有益借鉴. 相似文献
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