基于熔合蒸发反应的超重新元素 Z = 119, 120的产生截面

We have calculated production cross sections of new superheavy elements with atomic number Z=119, 120 in the fusion-evaporation reactions of $^{48}{\rm{Ca}}$+$^{252}{\rm{Es}}$, $^{48}{\rm{Ca}}$+$^{257}{\rm{Fm}}$, $^{49}{\rm{Sc}}$+$^{252}{\rm{Es}}$, $^{49}{\rm{Sc}}$+$^{251}{\rm{Cf}}$, $^{50}{\rm{Ti}}$+$^{247}{\rm{Bk}}$, $^{50}{\rm{Ti}}$+$^{251}{\rm{Cf}}$, $^{51}{\rm{V}}$+$^{247}{\rm{Cm}}$, $^{51}{\rm{V}}$+$^{247}{\rm{Cf}}$, $^{54}{\rm{Cr}}$+$^{243}{\rm{Am}}$, $^{54}{\rm{Cr}}$+$^{247}{\rm{Cm}}$, $^{56}{\rm{Mn}}$+$^{244}{\rm{Pu}}$, $^{56}{\rm{Mn}}$+$^{243}{\rm{Am}}$, $^{60}{\rm{Fe}}$+$^{237}{\rm{Np}}$, $^{60}{\rm{Fe}}$+$^{244}{\rm{Pu}}$, $^{61}{\rm{Co}}$+$^{238}{\rm{U}}$, $^{61}{\rm{Co}}$+$^{237}{\rm{Np}}$, $^{64}{\rm{Ni}}$+$^{231}{\rm{Pa}}$, $^{64}{\rm{Ni}}$+$^{238}{\rm{U}}$, $^{65}{\rm{Cu}}$+$^{232}{\rm{Th}}$, $^{65}{\rm{Cu}}$+$^{231}{\rm{Pa}}$, and $^{68}{\rm{Zn}}$+$^{232}{\rm{Th}}$within the dinuclear system model systematically. The inner fusion barriers have been extracted from the driving potential and potential energy surface which could be used to predict the relative fusion probability roughly. The influence of mass asymmetry of the colliding partners on the production of new superheavy elements(SHE) has been investigated systematically. It is found that fusion probability increases along with the increasing mass asymmetry of colliding systems. The 46-50Ti-induced reactions prefer to produce new SHE with Z=119~120. The dependence of production cross-sections of new superheavy elements on the isospin of projectile nuclei has been discussed. The new SHE of $^{289-293}{\rm{119}}$ has been predicted as the synthesis cross sections around one picobarn in the $^{44,\, 46,\, 48,\, 50}{\rm{Ti}}$-induced reactions. Production cross-section of the element$^{295}{\rm{120}}$ has been evaluated as large as one picobarn in the reactions $^{46}{\rm{Ti}}$($^{251}{\rm{Cf}}$, 2n) $^{295}{\rm{120}}$ at $E^*$ = 26 MeV. The optimal projectile-target combinations and beam energies for producing new SHE with atomic number Z = 119~120 are proposed for the forthcoming experiments.     

科学家第3次合成113号元素

不久前日本研究人员称,他们第3次成功合成了113号元素。日本研究人员曾两次报告合成这一新元素,但均未被相关国际专门机构承认。     

超重原子核与新元素研究

当前,原子核物理研究的一个重要前沿是探索原子核的电荷与质量极限,研究超重原子核与超重元素的性质,以及合成超重原子核。20世纪60年代,基于量子壳效应,理论预言质子数为114、中子数为184的原子核及其相邻核具有较长的寿命,甚至可能是稳定的,形成一个超重稳定岛。这个理论预言促进了重离子加速器及相关探测设备的建造,推动了重离子物理的发展。到目前,已经合成到了118号元素,填满了元素周期表的第7行。然而,合成更重的超重元素或包含更多中子的超重原子核面临着很多挑战,需要理论与实验密切结合,探索超重原子核的性质与合成机制,以登上超重稳定岛。文章概要评述超重原子核与新元素研究。首先介绍超重原子核与超重元素研究的背景及理论预言,包括超重核存在的根源、理论预言的概况等。之后简要给出实验合成超重核取得的主要进展和新元素命名情况。关于合成更重的超重元素面临的挑战,文章将针对利用重离子熔合蒸发反应合成超重核的截面低、所合成的超重核缺中子等情况展开讨论。最后评述近年来超重原子核结构性质、衰变、裂变与合成机制等方面的理论研究进展,包括超重核区的幻数和超重岛的位置,超重核的稳定性,利用重离子熔合蒸发反应合成超重核的三步过程及其复杂性,利用多核子转移合成超重核的探索,等等。The exploration of charge and mass limits of atomic nuclei and the synthesis of long-lived or stable superheavy nuclei (SHN) are at the frontier of modern nuclear physics. In the 1960s, based on the stability originating from quantum shell effects, the possible existence of an island of stability around 298114 was predicted. This prediction advanced the construction of heavy ion accelerators and detectors and the development of heavy ion physics. So far, superheavy elements (SHE) with Z up to 118 have been synthesized via heavy ion fusion reactions in laboratories. Recently the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party (JWP) concluded that criteria for the discovery of new elements have been met for those with Z=113, 115, 117 and 118. Therefore the seventh period of the periodic table of elements is completed. To synthesize even heavier elements or more neutron-rich SHN by using heavy ion fusion reactions, one confronts many challenges. More efforts should be made to study the properties of SHN both experimentally and theoretically. In this short review on the study on SHN and SHE, we will first introduce the background and theoretical predictions of SHN, including the origin of the possible existence of SHN and the predicted island of stability of SHN, etc. Then we will present progresses made up to now concerning the synthesis of SHN and the naming of the four new elements. As for the challenges nuclear physicists confront in synthesizing even heavier SHEs, we will detail those connected with heavy ion fusion-evaporation reactions, namely, the tiny cross sections to produce SHN and the fact that only neutron-deficient SHNs can be synthesized. Finally we will discuss some theoretical progresses on the study of SHN, including the structure of SHN and proton and neutron magic numbers after 208Pb, the stability and the synthesis mechanism of SHN as well as what we should focus on in the future.     

1898年12月：Curie夫妇发现了镭

19世纪的女性物理学家少之又少，夫妻研究团队更是少见。Pierre和Marie Curie不仅因此流芳历史，他们还更因在科学上的合作，发现了放射线和元素周期表上的二个新元素，而共享诺贝尔物理奖。     

Nanospheroidal particles as convenient nanoantenna elements

A highly tunable optical nanoantenna element is proposed through gradual transformation from a sphere to a prolate spheroid. This new element induces field enhancement and an increase in resonance frequency. Rather than a purely metallic material, we propose the use of a metal-coated dielectric spheroid as a nanoelement because of its flexibility. We show that a spheroidal element enhances the near-field better than its rod and sphere counterparts. As such, spheroidal elements are good candidates for improving solar-cell performance.     

元素周期表第7排终于被填满

正相继发现的4种新元素终于填满了元素周期表的第7排。日本理化学研究所(RIKEN)被确认为113号元素(ununtrium,Uut)的发现者,获得该元素的命名权。115号(ununpentium,Uup)、117号(ununseptium,Uus)和118号(ununoctium,Uuo)元素的发现者分别为俄罗斯布纳市的核子研究联合研究所(JINT)、美国加利福尼亚州利弗莫尔市劳伦斯-利弗莫尔国家实验室(LLNL)和田纳西州橡树岭国家实验室(ORNL),他们也因此获得命名权,同时还要确定由两个字母组成的元素符号。以后科学家们就要尝试填充周期表第8排了。     

基于新元素和新多层结构的MAX相陶瓷材料研究进展

由于独特的层状结构和原子间特殊的化学键合,MAX相陶瓷材料(化学式为M_n+1AX_n)兼具金属和陶瓷材料的优异性能,在很多领域具有广泛的应用前景,自20世纪60年代问世以来就一直备受关注。至今已经发现了100多种MAX相陶瓷材料,其中包括80余种单相以及一系列固溶体。传统的MAX相局限于一定的元素范围和若干M₆X层与单A原子层交替堆垛的结构。最近含有Au、Ir、Cu、Zn等新元素的MAX相材料的成功合成大大丰富了MAX相家族,多A层和多MA层结构MAX相的发现也打开了新型MAX相研究的一扇大门。随着理论计算的发展和实验条件的进步,越来越多的新型MAX相陶瓷材料逐渐出现在人们的视野中。本文综述了基于新元素和新多层结构的MAX相的国内外实验合成和理论研究进展,并指出了后续研究需要克服的问题,最后对新型MAX相的研究方向和发展趋势进行了预测和展望。     

A hybrid-stress element based on Hamilton principle

A novel hybrid-stress finite element method is proposed for constructing simple 4-node quadrilateral plane elements, and the new element is denoted as HH4-3fl here. Firstly, the theoretical basis of the traditional hybrid-stress elements, i.e., the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle, is replaced by the Hamilton variational principle, in which the number of the stress variables is reduced from 3 to 2. Secondly, three stress parameters and corresponding trial functions are introduced into the system equations. Thirdly, the displacement fields of the conventional bilinear isoparametric element are employed in the new models. Finally, from the stationary condition, the stress parameters can be expressed in terms of the displacement parameters, and thus the new element stiffness matrices can be obtained. Since the required number of stress variables in the Hamilton variational principle is less than that in the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle, and no additional incompatible displacement modes are considered, the new hybrid-stress element is simpler than the traditional ones. Furthermore, in order to improve the accuracy of the stress solutions, two enhanced post-processing schemes are also proposed for element HH4-3β. Numerical examples show that the proposed model exhibits great improvements in both displacement and stress solutions, implying that the proposed technique is an effective way for developing simple finite element models with high performance.