PEPT study of particle motion for different riser exit geometries

Laboratory and industrial risers are equipped with exits of many different layouts, and numerous publications discuss the influence of riser exit geometry on local and overall solids hydrodynamics in the riser. The present paper reviews literature findings--mostly based upon indirect experimental techniques and often somewhat contradictory, Direct measurement of particle velocity and particle occupancy near and in the riser exit provide a better indication of the effect of riser exit geometry. Positron Emission Particle Tracking （PEPT） was used in this work for the first time to investigate the exit region of the riser, An abrupt or sharp exit causes particles to be knocked out of the gas flow, so forming a recirculation or reflux region in the upper part of the riser. This is much less pronounced with a curved or gradual exit.     

循环流化床煤燃烧/热解双反应器压力分布的实验研究

实验测量了一种新型的循环流化床煤燃烧/热解冷模反应器中提升管及立管内的压力分布，其中提升管的内径为100 mm、高为6 m;立管内径为44 mm、高为3 m，热解室的截面为200 mm×200 mm、高为770 mm。分别考察了提升管内的表观气速Ur、循环量Gs、加到热解室内的松动气量Qa以及初始装料量G等对系统压力分布的影响。结果表明，在立管底部阀门开度不变的情况下随着Ur的增加，提升管及立管内的压力梯度都趋于减小；在提升管内表观气速一定的情况下随着循环量Gs的增加，提升管及立管内的压力分布也随之增大；加到热解室内的松动气对立管内的压力分布影响较大，而对提升管内的压力分布影响相对较小；在立管底部阀门开度及Ur一定的情况下，随着初始装料量的增加提升管及立管内的压力分布也趋于增大。     

一种扩散吸收式制冷系统的性能实验

设计了一套带有气液分离精馏设备的吸收扩散制冷装置,试验研究了提升管结构、热源加热温度、氨水浓度、充气压力对制冷装置的影响。新型的精馏结构在提高发生氨气纯度的同时,也可减少冷凝器的负荷(冷凝器进口温度为55℃左右)。实验在环境温度T0为25-35℃,溶液浓度ξ为25%-35%,充注压力P0为13-18 MPa,加热功率Pg为220-320 W的范围内进行。结果表明:浓度的提高可获得较大的冷量,一般28-32%为宜;适当的增加系统压力可降低蒸发温度;系统的冷量随加热功率的增加而提高;确定了提升管结构参数的选取。     

CFD-simulation of a circulating fluidized bed riser

In the current work, a model of the fluid mechanics in the riser of a circulating fluidized bed （CFB） has been implemented using computational fluid dynamics （CFD）. The model developed shall be used in future as the basis of 3D-reactor model for the simulation of large scale CFB combustors. The two-fluid model （TFM） approach is used to represent the fluid mechanics involved in the flow. The computational implementation is accomplished by the commercial software FLUENT. Different closure formulations are tested on a simplified geometry. Two different turbulence formulations, namely the swirl modified RNG k-e model and the Realizable k-e model, are tested in combination with two different approaches to solid phase turbulence, namely the dispersion and per phase approach. One focus of the current work is put on the study of different drag correlations. Besides the drag correlations by Syamlal et al. [Syamlal, M., Rogers, W., ＆ O＇Brien, T. J. （1993）. MFIX documentation theory guide. Technical Report DOE/METC-9411004, U.S. Department of Energy （DOE）. Morgantown Energy Technology Center： Morgantown, WV] and Gidaspow [Gidaspow, D. （1994）. Multiphaseflow andfluidization. New York： Academic Press] the EMMS model has been used to determine the momentum exchange between the two phases. The resulting formulation is then used to simulate a 1-m × 0.3-m cold CFB setup and is validated by experimental results [Schlichtharle, P. （2000）. Fluid dynamics and mixing of solids and gas in the bottom zone of circulating fluidized beds. Unoublished doctoral dissertation, Technische Universitaet Hamburg-Harburg, Shaker Verlag： Aachen].     

提升管喷嘴进料段内气固两相流动的数值模拟

本文采用κ-ε-κ_p-κ_(pg)-θ模型,模拟了提升管喷嘴进料段内三维稠密气固交叉射流的复杂流动现象.结果表明,实验值和模拟值具有相同的变化趋势,再现了提升管喷嘴进料段内颗粒相的流动特点.     

Rotation speed measurement of moving particles in a CFB riser

This paper presents a study on measuring rotation speed of moving glass beads with an average diameter of 500 p.m in a pilot-scale circulating fluidized bed （CFB） riser with a high-speed digital imaging system. Two methods have been developed to calculate particle rotation speed from the particle images. The first method consists of a fully automated algorithm based on cross-correlation of gray distribution of particle images for particles whose rotation axes are （nearly） perpendicular to the imaging plane, and the second method calculates the speed of particle rotation by identifying its rotation axis using two or more characteristic points on its surface. The reliability of the two methods is verified by using a small sphere with known speed and direction of rotation. The first method is shown to be capable of measuring accurately the rotation speed for the particle with a rotation axis （nearly） perpendicular to the imaging plane and filtering off other particles using an appropriate threshold of correlation coefficient. The second method is shown to be capable of yielding both the speed and direction of particle rotation, with a measurement error of less than 10%. Results of both methods on real glass beads in a CFB riser are compared against each other.     

对使用双提升管结构的扩散吸收式制冷系统的性能实验

设计了一台使用双提升管结构且精馏器上多处设置阻流坑的扩散吸收制冷装置,实验研究了氨水充注浓度(24%~36%)、充氢压力(1.5MPa~1.6MPa)、热源加热功率(120W~300W)对制冷系统的影响。结果表明:采用双提升管后,液体循环量增大,循环周期缩短,制冷量增加;适当提高溶液浓度不但可以降低系统发生温度,同时也可以获得较大的冷量,一般为28%~32%为宜;适当降低充氢压力可降低系统发生温度。     

基于聚类算法的提升管内颗粒聚团演化行为研究

本文基于K-means聚类算法对提升管内瞬时颗粒分布图进行图像分割,捕捉颗粒聚团的内部结构及演化过程,并结合聚团区域灰度直方图和分布图研究了有核聚团、颗粒云团以及提升管不同区域聚团演化特性.研究发现当固含率较高时,聚团内部形成致密的核心,且这些聚团相对比较稳定,它们由聚团核心及其周围的颗粒云组成,而在固含率较低时,聚团...     

Solids behavior in dilute zone of a CFB riser under turbulent conditions

The behavior of the solid phase in the upper zone of a circulating fluidized bed riser was studied using a phase Doppler anemometer. Glass particles of mean diameter 107 μm and superficial gas velocities U_g covering the turbulent and the beginning of the fast fluidization regime were investigated. Three static bed heights were tested. Ascending and descending particles were found co-existing under all operating conditions tested, and at all measurement locations. Superficial gas velocity proved/happened to have a larger effect on descending particles at the wall and on ascending particles in the central region. Transversal particle velocities in both directions (toward the center and toward the wall) behaved relatively equivalently, with only slight difference observed at the wall. However, observation of the number of particles moving in either transversal direction showed a change in bed structure when increasing U_g. Furthermore, a balance was constantly observed between the core zone and the annulus zone where the mutual mass transfer between these two zones occurred continuously. Transition from a slow to a fast particle motion was accompanied by a transition to high levels of velocity fluctuations, and was found corresponding to the appearance of significant solid particle flow rate.