全文获取类型
收费全文 | 14181篇 |
免费 | 100篇 |
国内免费 | 111篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 3830篇 |
晶体学 | 10篇 |
力学 | 100篇 |
综合类 | 7篇 |
数学 | 6654篇 |
物理学 | 3791篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 2篇 |
2023年 | 16篇 |
2022年 | 15篇 |
2021年 | 9篇 |
2020年 | 48篇 |
2019年 | 117篇 |
2018年 | 148篇 |
2017年 | 128篇 |
2016年 | 125篇 |
2015年 | 47篇 |
2014年 | 131篇 |
2013年 | 883篇 |
2012年 | 480篇 |
2011年 | 734篇 |
2010年 | 631篇 |
2009年 | 3038篇 |
2008年 | 2459篇 |
2007年 | 1121篇 |
2006年 | 569篇 |
2005年 | 397篇 |
2004年 | 407篇 |
2003年 | 267篇 |
2002年 | 152篇 |
2001年 | 141篇 |
2000年 | 142篇 |
1999年 | 132篇 |
1998年 | 211篇 |
1997年 | 189篇 |
1996年 | 92篇 |
1995年 | 286篇 |
1994年 | 231篇 |
1993年 | 208篇 |
1992年 | 256篇 |
1991年 | 222篇 |
1990年 | 78篇 |
1989年 | 73篇 |
1988年 | 52篇 |
1987年 | 12篇 |
1986年 | 12篇 |
1985年 | 29篇 |
1984年 | 20篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 19篇 |
1981年 | 10篇 |
1980年 | 10篇 |
1979年 | 9篇 |
1978年 | 9篇 |
1977年 | 10篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
For any finite dimensional control system with arbitrary cost, Pontryagin's Maximum Principle (PMP) [N. Bensalem, Localisation des courbes anormales et problème d'accessibilité sur un groupe de Lie hilbertien nilpotent de degré 2, Thèse de doctorat, Université de Savoie, 1998. [6]] gives necessary conditions for optimality of trajectories. In the infinite dimensional case, it is well known that these conditions are no more true in general. The purpose of this paper is to establish an “approached” version of PMP for infinite dimensional bilinear systems, with fixed final time and without constraints on the final state. Moreover, if the set of control is contained in a closed bounded convex subset with operators defining its dynamics are compact, or if it is contained in a finite dimensional space, we get an “exact” version of PMP. We also give two applications of these results. The first one deals with sub-Riemannian geometry on nilpotent Hilbertian Lie groups for which we can define a sub-Riemannian distance. The second one deals with heat equation for which we analyse the necessary conditions to give the optimal controls. 相似文献
2.
CAI Guang-Yu LlU Zhong-Min SHI Ren-Min HE Chang-Qing YANG Li-Xin SUN Cheng-LinDalian Institute of Chemical Physics Acadernia Sinica Dalian Iiaorting 《天然气化学杂志》1995,(2)
A new route named as SDTO method for the synthesis of lightolefins from syngas has been proposed.That is to convert syngas todimethylether and then to convert dimethylether to light olefins.The catalystsfor the two conversion reactions have been developed.For the first reaction,the catulySt was synthesized by the combination of methanol synthesis catalystwith γ-Al_2O_3or zeolites which possesses both metallic and acidic functions.Thecatalyst for the second reaction was modified SAPO-34 molecular sieve.Thevariables of the reactions have also been investigated.The results from theserial connection of the two conversion steps without any separation show thatthe yield of C_2~-C_4~- olefins Could be>100g/(m~3 syngas). 相似文献
3.
In this article we investigate some integral functional inequalities of Bellman–Bihari type for piecewise-continuous functions with some fixed points of discontinuity. We also prove a new analogy and generalization of results which were obtained by Bellman and Bihari to integro-sum inequalities with delay and discontinuities that do not belong to Lipschitz’s type. 相似文献
4.
Wei‐Ling Wang Jian‐Wei Xu Yee‐Hing Lai 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2006,44(13):4154-4164
Bipyridinophane–fluorene conjugated copolymers have been synthesized via Suzuki and Heck coupling reactions from 5,8‐dibromo‐2,11‐dithia[3]paracyclo[3](4,4′)‐2,2′‐bipyridinophane and suitable fluorene precursors. Poly[2,7‐(9,9‐dihexylfluorene)‐co‐alt‐5,8‐(2,11‐dithia[3]paracyclo[3](4,4′)‐2,2′‐bipyridinophane)] ( P7 ) exhibits large absorption and emission redshifts of 20 and 34 nm, respectively, with respect to its planar reference polymer Poly[2,7‐(9,9‐dihexylfluorene)‐co‐alt‐1,4‐(2,5‐dimethylbenzene)] ( P11 ), which bears the same polymer backbone as P7 . These spectral shifts originate from intramolecular aromatic C? H/π interactions, which are evidenced by ultraviolet–visible and 1H NMR spectra as well as X‐ray single‐crystal structural analysis. However, the effect of the intramolecular aromatic C? H/π interactions on the spectral shift in poly[9,9‐dihexylfluorene‐2,7‐yleneethynylene‐co‐alt‐5,8‐(2,11‐dithia[3]paracyclo[3](4,4′)‐2,2′‐bipyridinophane)] ( P10 ) is much weaker. Most interestingly, the quenching behaviors of these two conjugated polymers are largely dependent on the polymer backbone. For example, the fluorescence of P7 is efficiently quenched by Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and Ag+ ions. In contrast, only Cu2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ ions can partially quench the fluorescence of P10 , but much less efficiently than the fluorescence of P7 . The static Stern–Volmer quenching constants of Cu2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ ions toward P7 are of the order of 106 M?1, being 1300, 2500, and 37,300 times larger than those of P10 , respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4154–4164, 2006 相似文献
5.
New derivation results for integrands and multifunctions via the Lipschitzean approximations are obtained. Applications to multivalued differential equations on closed convex sets are presented. 相似文献
6.
The synthesis of a biotinated amphiphile assembled from d-(+)-biotin, ethylene diamine as spacer, galactaric acid and 1-dodecylamine was achieved in six steps. The key step was the synthesis of a bisacetonide protected galactaric ester, the structure of which was determined by X-ray analysis. Aminolysis, spacer attachment, coupling with biotin and deprotection led to the amphiphilic galactaramide. 相似文献
7.
Raquel F. P. Nogueira Ronaldo A. Pilli Nelson durÁn 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》1992,33(3):169-176
Growth of the ascomyceteChrysonilia sitophila during degradation of lignin model dimers and monomers was compared to a glucose control. An inhibition of growth by Cα-carbonyl
monomers and stimulation by β-O-4 lignin model and vanillyl alcohol were observed. A comparison of the degradation by this
ascomycete with the basidiomycetePhanerochaete chrysosoporium showed similarities in relation to the type of degradation caused. 相似文献
8.
H. Skenderović S. Danko Bosanac 《Zeitschrift für Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters》1995,35(2):107-114
Classical theory of collisions is cast in a form which also includes the uncertainty principle. This theory is used for analyzing the vibration energy transfer in the collinear collision which approximates the He-H2 system. The results are compared with the quantum calculations and several classical and semiclassical approaches. Very good agreement with quantum theory is found, for all the parameters investigated. 相似文献
9.
Photosynthetic suspension cultures of higher plants offer an alternative approach to biomass production, potentially yielding
cellulosic material and protein on a continuous year-round basis. A bench-top hybrid photobioreactor was developed to study
photomixotrophic and photoautotrophic growth of Glycine max as a model system. Maximum biomass doubling times for photomixotrophic
and photoautotrophic growth were 1.87 and 3.92 d, respectively. The presence of exogenous sugars resulted in photomixotrophic
growth, reduced chlorophyll levels, and a reduction in photosynthetically-evolved oxygen. Depletion of carbohydrates from
the medium coincided with the beginning of stationary phase and an increase in oxygen evolution by the cells. A second growth
phase, prolonging cell viability, could be initiated by increasing the carbon dioxide from 2 to 5%, just before the onset
of stationary phase. Biomass from bioreactor cultured cells proved resistant to enzymatic attack without pretreatment. Composition
of the biomass was 7.8% lignin, 20.7% α-cellulose, 23% hemicellulose, 5.5% starch, 14.5% protein and 6.5% nucleic acids. 相似文献
10.
A. Račkauskas 《Acta Appl Math》1995,38(1):109-129