The cultural Red King effect

Why do minority groups tend to be discriminated against when it comes to situations of bargaining and resource division? In this article, I explore an explanation for this disadvantage that appeals solely to the dynamics of social interaction between minority and majority groups—the cultural Red King effect (Bruner, 2017). As I show, in agent-based models of bargaining between groups, the minority group will tend to get less as a direct result of the fact that they frequently interact with majority group members, while majority group members meet them only rarely. This effect is strengthened by certain psychological phenomenon—risk aversion and in-group preference—is robust on network models, and is strengthened in cases where preexisting norms are discriminatory. I will also discuss how this effect unifies previous results on the impacts of institutional memory on bargaining between groups.     

不公平厌恶影响下的零售商销售努力自组织演化

构建了制造商通过销售回馈与惩罚契约来对具有不公平厌恶心理偏好的零售商群体的销售努力进行激励的计算实验模型,研究了零售商的不公平厌恶心理偏好对激励效果产生的影响。实验结果表明:零售商的不公平厌恶心理会对激励效果产生负面的影响;制造商设定的销售目标越高,不公平厌恶心理的负面影响就越大;当某零售商的销售量一旦低于目标销售量而遭受惩罚时,其会导致该零售商加剧不公平感知从而降低销售努力水平的路径依赖,导致制造商利润下降的主要原因是被惩罚零售商群体为其所带来的渠道利润降低;制造商在激励过程中应该更加重视被惩罚者的不公平厌恶心理。     

A Theory of Status-Mediated Inequity Aversion

We introduce a new social utility function which relates inequity aversion to social status, effort, and ability. The basic idea is as follows: Actors do not suffer from inequality but from inequity relative to a fair share that reflects some normative orientation the actors have internalized. In this regard we advocate the rule of proportionality which states that rewards should be proportional to some standard of comparison. We apply this social utility function to various games from non-cooperative and cooperative game theory and interpret the results with respect to the effects of social status on behavioral outcomes.