Coexistence and harvesting control policy in a food chain model with mutual defense of prey

A model is proposed to understand the dynamics in a food chain (one predator‐two prey). Unlike many approaches, we consider mutualism (for defense against predators) between the two groups of prey. We investigate the conditions for coexistence and exclusion. Unlike Elettreby's (2009) results, we show that prey can coexist in the absence of predators (as expected since there is no competition between prey). We also show the existence of Hopf bifurcation and limit cycle in the model, and numerically present bifurcation diagrams in terms of mutualism and harvesting. When the harvest is practiced for profit making, we provide the threshold effort value that determines the profitability of the harvest. We show that there is zero profit when the constant effort is applied. Below (resp. above) , there will always be gain (resp. loss). In the case of gain, we provide the optimal effort and optimal steady states that produce maximum profit and ensure coexistence. Recommendations for resource managers As a result of our investigation, we bring the following to the attention of management:

• 1. In the absence of predators, different groups of prey can coexist if they mutually help each other (no competition among them).
• 2. There is a maximal effort to invest in order to gain profit from the harvest. Above , the investment will result in a loss.
• 3. In the case of profit from harvest, policy makers should recommend the optimal effort to be applied and the optimal stock to harvest. This will guarantee maximum profit while ensuring sustainability of all species.

     

Multifunctional land‐use value mapping and space type classification: A case study of Puge County,China

Land exhibits diverse functions under the combined influence of natural and human forces. A production–living–ecology functional classification system was constructed by integrating land, ecosystem, and landscape functions. The land functional value was calculated by systematically integrating ecosystem service value assessments. The primary and secondary functions, as well as combinations of different land‐use types, were determined using vertical and horizontal comparison methods. The production–living–ecology ranges were then delineated in Puge County, which is a typical mountain county in China. The production–living–ecology functions identified were well connected with the current land‐use types. The “production–living–ecology” space in Puge County showed obvious multifunctionality and agglomeration. The function identification system proposed in this paper integrated multiple methods, overcame the difficulty of direct quantitative identification of land functions. The methods used to map and quantify land function will enhance our ability to understand and model land system changes and adequately inform policies and planning. Summary for Managers

• The function valuation method constructed in this paper could be used to reflect the multifunctionality and importance of land use and provide guidance and a quantitative basis for regional development planning.
• The spatial classification results provided in this paper could offer a valuable reference for the land management department to scientifically formulate land use planning.
• Under the goal of creating a group‐type urban development pattern and constructing an ecological protection pattern in Puge County, the hotspot analysis results of this paper can provide decision‐making tools and alternative spatial plans.

     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine sediment of Thermaikos Gulf,Greece

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations were determined in marine sediment samples collected from 7 different locations around Thermaikos Gulf in north Greece. PBDEs were detected in all sampling sites and their average total concentration (ΣPBDEs) ranged from 0.26 to 4.92?ng?g^?1?d.w. Concentrations were an order of magnitude higher in locations outlining the inner part of the Gulf, which were also closer to industrial areas, sewage treatment plant discharges, the city's harbour and landfill area. These findings suggest pollution in the aquatic ecosystem from industrial and urban activities in the area. Congener profiles exhibit predominance of BDE-209, while concentrations of other PBDE congeners were usually lower, when compared to similar studies from other countries globally, indicating that Thermaikos Gulf is among the low-polluted areas. Statistical analysis showed significant differences among the higher polluted sampling stations. Statistically significant differences also existed between sampling stations with high and low PBDE concentrations. Correlations between congeners suggested local contamination sources; however, specific point sources of pollution were not established.     

体内和体外生物测定在环境监测中的应用

生物测定在环境毒物学研究中普遍用于检测人为污染物对个别生物体和生态系统的影响.这些测定适用于个别化学品或复杂的混合物(如废水)对有代表性的生物系统或整个生物体所引起的影响,并普遍应用于环境监测项目.生物测定可在生物体外或生物体内进行,前者是在实验室内利用细胞培养技术,后者除可在实验室内进行还可应用在真实的环境中.体外生物测定往往是用来研究环境样品中的污染物对生物机制的具体影响,如受体结合特性.而体内活性生物测定则提供了一个更加具体化的综合生物反应.然而,这两种类型的生物测定法可以测量许多不同的生物指标,如对生物生长及发育的影响、内分泌功能和DNA损伤.无论是在体内和体外生物测定都分别有其特有的优点和缺点,其中一些测定法可以使用于毒性鉴定和评价程序.本文简要介绍了体内和体外生物测定方法的基本特点及其在环境监测中的应用实例,指出化学物质如何影响有机体及生态系统的结构和功能,认为广泛发展更能充分反映生态系统生物多样性的生物测定方法,将有助于更准确地了解环境污染物对环境的潜在影响.     

电商生态系统中核心种群间信用机制的动态演化博弈

网购方便快捷,然而电商平台的假货现象、诚信危机、规范缺失等问题则严重困扰整个电商生态系统,譬如拼多多赴美上市后饱受争议,电商平台中的“雷碧、康帅傅、粤利粤、脉劫”等产品长期存在。信用对电子商务至关重要,电商平台的信用监管责任已不容忽视。因此,本文基于博弈论将消费者投诉引入电商平台信用监管机制,构建了信息不对称下以电商平台、商家和消费者为主体的三方演化博弈模型;分析了在电商平台积极监管和消费者投诉双重监管条件下,各主体博弈策略选择与行为演化的影响因素及趋于稳定状态的条件,并进行演化仿真分析和数值模拟。研究表明:商家选择“诚信”策略的种群规模与电商平台的监管概率和消费者选择“投诉”策略的种群规模息息相关;建立商家诚信奖励和失信惩罚机制、信用保证金机制、消费者投诉反馈机制、严厉打击商家私下补贴,降低消费者及公众的参与成本,能够有效推动商家诚信经营。     

两种群随机动力系统的信息熵和动力学研究

随机种群动力学模型是研究种群间以及种群与不确定性环境间相互作用的动力学行为的数学模型. 本文从概率密度以及信息熵流、熵产生的演化角度探讨了两种群生态系统的Itô (或Statonovich)意义下随机模型的动力学行为.利用Fokker-Planck方程及其边界条件 和信息熵定义导出信息熵流(平均散度)和熵产生的关系式,并通过数值路径积分法捕 捉到熵流的非线性变化趋势以及信息熵的极值点位置与概率密度的快速迁移和分岔的联系. 应用数值路径积分法计算结果表明Itô (或Statonovich)意义下两种随机模型的概率密度 和信息熵的极值点位置不同但演化趋势一致.     

Development of a multi-residue method for the determination of organic micropollutants in water, sediment and mussels using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

This study describes the development of a multiresidue method based on gas chromatography-electron ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS/MS) for the detection of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), five phthalate esters (PEs), seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), six polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), six alkylphenols (APs), three organochlorined pesticides and their isomers or degradation products (OCPs) and bisphenol A in seawater, river water, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, sediments and mussels. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for the extraction of target analytes in aqueous samples, and ultrasound assisted extraction for solid samples. GC-EI-MS/MS acquisition conditions in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) using two transitions per compound were optimized. In this way, quantification and unequivocal identification of organic micropollutants were performed in compliance with the Decision 2002/657/EC. Good linearity responses with coefficients of determination higher than 0.99 were obtained. Methodological detection limits (MDLs) in seawater ranged from 0.1 to 6 ng L(-1); in river water from 0.1 to 4.8 ng L(-1); in WWTP effluents from 1 to 75 ng L(-1); in sediments from 1 to 150 ng g(-1) and in mussels from 1 to 125 ng g(-1). MDLs and recovery yields were compared with other published methods and similarities or even improvements were achieved. The optimized method was applied to analyze five samples from each matrix collected in coastal areas, showing its potential use for marine pollution monitoring.     

STOCHASTIC OPTIMIZATION FOR MULTISPECIES FISHERIES IN THE BARENTS SEA

We present a multispecies stochastic model that suggests optimal fishing policy for two species in a three‐species predator–prey ecosystem in the Barents Sea. We employ stochastic dynamic programming to solve a three‐dimensional model, in which the catch is optimized by using a multispecies feedback strategy. Applying the model to the cod, capelin, and herring ecosystem in the Barents Sea shows that the optimal catch for the stochastic interaction model is more conservative than that implied by the deterministic model. We also find that stochasticity has a stronger effect on the optimal exploitation policy for prey (capelin) than for predator (cod).     

Speciation analysis of mercury in sediments, zoobenthos and river water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to atomic fluorescence spectrometry following preconcentration by solid phase extraction

A high-pressure microwave digestion was applied for microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of mercury species from sediments and zoobenthos samples. A mixture containing 3 mol L⁻¹ HCl, 50% aqueous methanol and 0.2 mol L⁻¹ citric acid (for masking co-extracted Fe³⁺) was selected as the most suitable extraction agent. The efficiency of proposed extraction method was better than 95% with R.S.D. below 6%. A preconcentration method utilizing a “homemade” C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) microcolumns was developed to enhance sensitivity of the mercury species determination using on-column complex formation of mercury-2-mercaptophenol complexes. Methanol was chosen for counter-current elution of the retained mercury complexes achieving a preconcentration factor as much as 1000. The preconcentration method was applied for the speciation analysis of mercury in river water samples. The high-performance liquid chromatography-cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometric (HPLC/CV-AFS) method was used for the speciation analysis of mercury. The complete separation of four mercury species was achieved by an isocratic elution of aqueous methanol (65%/35%) on a Zorbax SB-C18 column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm) using the same complexation reagent (2-mercaptophenol). The limits of detection were 4.3 μg L⁻¹ for methylmercury (MeHg⁺), 1.4 μg L⁻¹ for ethylmercury (EtHg⁺), 0.8 μg L⁻¹ for inorganic mercury (Hg²⁺), 0.8 μg L⁻¹ for phenylmercury (PhHg⁺).     

陕甘宁革命老区生态系统服务价值时空分异及影响因素研究

陕甘宁革命老区是黄土高原和黄河中上游的重点生态治理区,作为重要的生态屏障区,其生态治理意义重大。以陕甘宁革命老区为研究区域,基于改进的生态系统服务价值（ecosystem service value,ESV）当量因子法,利用地理探测器及地理加权回归（geographically weighted regression,GWR）模型,分析1995—2018年各县ESV时空变化特征、影响因素及各主导因素作用强度的空间分异特征。结果表明：（1） 1995—2018年,陕甘宁革命老区ESV呈先下降后上升的特征,整体呈上升趋势,草地与林地对该区域ESV的贡献较大;（2） ESV空间等级转化呈现较显著的两极变化趋势,其中低级、高级ESV区域面积显著扩张,较高级ESV区域面积明显缩减;（3）地被覆盖度、人口密度、垦殖系数是ESV空间分异的主导因素,平均空间解释力超过0.378 0,自然、社会、经济因素间的交互协同增强了其对陕甘宁革命老区ESV的影响程度;（4）各主导因素对ESV的影响程度表现出空间异质性,其中地被覆盖度及垦殖系数的影响程度由东向西递减,人均GDP和人口密度的影响程度则由西向东递减。