An Integrated Two Phases Approach to Zn2+ Ions Electroreduction on Hg

The following two numerical models have been applied to zinc cations electroreduction in 1 M NaClO₄ water solution: a classical EE model describing the concentration of involved species in solution (semi infinitive diffusion region), an extended EE model describing both: the concentration of involved species in solution and the concentration of metallic zinc inside mercury drop (in limited area of diffusion). In the latter model the inner part of mercury drop and surrounding solution were treated as dynamic interrelated system. Both models were applied to experimental cyclic voltammetric CV data in 1 M NaClO₄, the results compared and discussed. The concentration profiles of all species including metallic zinc inside mercury drop were performed. The presented integrated model is essential for theoretical and analytical aspects of the electrochemistry of mercury soluble metal cations and amalgams.     

A MODEL OF TROPICAL MARINE RESERVE‐FISHERY LINKAGES

ABSTRACT. The excessive and unsustainable exploitation of our marine resources has led to the promotion of marine reserves as a fisheries management tool. Marine reserves, areas in which fishing is restricted or prohibited, can offer opportunities for the recovery of exploited stock and fishery enhancement. In this paper we examine the contribution of fully protected tropical marine reserves to fishery enhancement by modeling marine reserve‐fishery linkages. The consequences of reserve establishment on the long‐run equilibrium fish biomass and fishery catch levels are evaluated. In contrast to earlier models this study highlights the roles of both adult (and juvenile) fish migration and larval dispersal between the reserve and fishing grounds by employing a spawner‐recruit model. Uniform larval dispersal, uniform larval retention and complete larval retention combined with zero, moderate and high fish migration scenarios are analyzed in turn. The numerical simulations are based on Mombasa Marine National Park, Kenya, a fully protected coral reef marine reserve comprising approximately 30% of former fishing grounds. Simulation results suggest that the establishment of a fully protected marine reserve will always lead to an increase in total fish biomass. If the fishery is moderately to heavily exploited, total fishery catch will be greater with the reserve in all scenarios of fish and larval movement. If the fishery faces low levels of exploitation, catches can be optimized without a reserve but with controlled fishing effort. With high fish migration from the reserve, catches are optimized with the reserve. The optimal area of the marine reserve depends on the exploitation rate in the neighboring fishing grounds. For example, if exploitation is maintained at 40%, the ‘optimal’ reserve size would be 10%. If the rate increases to 50%, then the reserve needs to be 30% of the management area in order to maximize catches. However, even in lower exploitation fisheries (below 40%), a small reserve (up to 20%) provides significantly higher gains in fish biomass than losses in catch. Marine reserves are a valuable fisheries management tool. To achieve maximum fishery benefits they should be complemented by fishing effort controls.     

Total surface areas of Group IVA organometallic compounds: Predictors of toxicity to algae and bacteria

There is a high correlation between molecular surface area (TSA) of triorganotin and triorganolead compounds and their toxicity towards a bacterium (Escherichia coli) and an alga (Selenastrum capricornutum). Parallel attempts to correlate other Group IVA organometals incorporating silicon or germanium were unsuccessful. It was further demonstrated, however, that a high correlation was obtainable between certain series of compounds with the same organic substituent but different metal centers involving all Group IVA elements. In both instances, the inability to obtain a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) for all systems studied appears to be a function of the solubility of the compounds. While organotin TSA values have been found to correlate well with their toxicities toward various organisms, this study clearly suggests that this type of QSAR can be readily extended to include other organometal systems, provided that there is no solubility problem and the toxicity is a function of the hydrophobicity of the organometal compounds.     

用峰面积判据改善Delsuc法预测的谱

基于Prony算法的Delsuc谱预测是目前NMR LPSVD(Linear Prediction SingularValue Decomposition)法中比较实用的方法。但在高噪声的条件下,时有失峰和假峰出现且要事先知道谱的峰数。本文通过跟踪迭代过程发现Delsuc法的判别因子r_(mis) 很难选定。如果它太小会失峰,而过大又会出现假峰。同时,由于噪声的影响,弱信号的采样点之间的相关性比强信号小,从而在迭代过程中会增加数值不稳定性。文中引入峰面积判据来改善Delsuc法,经模拟与实验均证明结果有效。     

Averaged topological equations for dispersed two-phase flows

A general relationship between the volume fraction and the specific interfacial area for averaged dispersed two-phase flows is proposed. This relationship, expressed as a basic set of two scalar evolution equations and two vectorial non-uniformity state equations, is an analytical result obtained by a systematic approach using the derivatives of some generalized functions and a local volume-averaging technique. The proposed set of equations was expressed for measurable macroscopic parameters of the system and has the same generality as the averaged transport equations of two-phase flows. By combination of the basic set of equations, called the averaged topological equations (ATEs), second-order ATEs for the volume fraction were found. The second-order ATEs were expressed both by a Lagrangian formulation and by a Eulerian formulation. The importance and physical meaning of the ATEs developed in this study were clarified within the framework of the theory of kinematic waves.     

The Ends of Manifolds with Bounded Geometry, Linear Growth and Finite Filling Area

We prove that simply connected open manifolds of bounded geometry, linear growth and sublinear filling growth (e.g. finite filling area) are simply connected at infinity.     

An approximation property of harmonic functions in Lipschitz domains and some of its consequences

An extension of an inequality of J. B. Garnett (1979), with improvements by B. E. J. Dahlberg (1980), on an approximation property of harmonic functions is proved. The weighted inequality proved here was suggested by the work of J. Pipher (1993) and it implies an extension of a result of S. Y. A. Chang, J. Wilson and T. Wolff (1985) and C. Sweezy (1991) on exponential square integrability of the boundary values of solutions to second-order linear differential equations in divergence form. This implies a solution of a problem left open by R. Bañuelos and C. N. Moore (1989) on sharp estimates for the area integral of harmonic functions in Lipschitz domains.

     

A procedure for measuring the flexibility of single wood-pulp fibres

A way of determining the flexibility of wood-pulp fibres is developed, which involves i) a precise measurement of the topology of single-fibres by using a confocal laser scanning microscope and ii) the measurement of the elastic modulus of the fibres by using a single-fibre fatigue cell. Reported in this paper are the initial results of tests carried out on black spruce fibres, which have been subjected to three different levels of mechanical refining energy, namely ∼1100, 2300, and 3500 kWh/t. It is found that the fibre flexibility rises significantly between the first and second energy levels, but it does not change to the same degree between the second and third ones. The described procedure of measuring the flexibility of fibres may be used to establish the appropriate refiner energy necessary for the production of a specific grade of paper. Russian translation published in Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 115–128, January–February, 2006.     

K~+-FREE INDUCED EARLY AFTERDEPOL-ARIZATION IN CARDIAC VENTRICULAR FIBERS OF GUINEA PIG AFTER COLD TREATMENT

The genesis and elimination of early afterdepolarizations (EADs) have been investigated in guinea pig cardiac ventricular fibers after a short period of cooling (5h, 2—4℃). After rewarming them to 37℃, EADs could be induced by K~+-free superfusion at an appropriate driving stimulation (0.2 Hz) in all preparations. A high level plateau, which linearly increases its duration with time, appears ahead of EADs. The critical point of the plateau occurred steadily at the level of -47±4 mV. Two types of triggered activity, all of which are the rhythmic activities in low level of membrane potential (-50 to -60 mV), appear on the platcau. There is no significant change after overdriving. Agonists of the Na-K pump (K~+ and Tl~+) could stop the rhythmic activity immediately and turn the low level of membrane potential to high one. The results showed that high level plateau is the basis of genesis of EADs, and the activation of Na-K pump plays an important part in stopping triggered rhythms arising from EADs.