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The optimal partition of energy between survival and reproduction is considered for a population subject to recurrent and potentially lethal critical events. The best strategy is found by maximizing fitness, a functional derived from the Lotka equation. The dynamics is governed by a second-order, age-varying, nonlinear system. The energy storage and the probability of survival are the state variables, while the amounts of energy placed into and withdrawn from the storage are the controls. The optimal life strategy is shown to be as follows: build up the storage at the very beginning of life, and then progressively deplete it to resist the critical events.This work was partially supported by MURST Project Ricerche sui Fondamenti della Conservazione della Natura. The authors would like to thank C. Ricci for suggesting the problem and C. Matessi for helpful discussion. 相似文献
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A coalesced high-intensity dc discharge is maintained between three cathodes and a single anode, stabilized by using resistors on each cathode leg. Jets of plasma gas are produced from either the cathode area or the anode area of the device. Cathode jets are generated by the self-induced pumping at the cathode tips and augmented by central gas injection. Arc voltage-current characteristics show classical convection-stabilized arc behavior. Anode heat transfer rates may be substantially increased by central gas injection toward the anode. Temperature fields in the coalesced, axially symmetric portion of the arc are determined spectrometrically and compared to those of a classical single-cathode free-burning arc. 相似文献
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研究了弹流反常温度场的形成机理及影响因素,指出入口温升是压缩功发热和逆流剪切热所致,而出口局部低温是负压缩功吸热的结果,出口温度的再次微幅上升则是压缩功消失后剪切热作用的结果.研究结果表明,入口温升随载荷的增加而增大,随卷吸速度的增加显著升高而几乎与滑滚比无关;在高速小滑滚比工况下,接触区的最高温度有可能出现在入口位置;入口温升增加了材料在工作中经受高温的次数,对其接触疲劳寿命有不利影响;在保证润滑性能的前提下,适当减少供油量可以减小逆流,从而降低入口温升。 相似文献
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Some previous results of the author towards a classification of homogeneous metric continua are improved. The disjoint arcs property is fully revealed in this context. In particular, closed -manifolds, , are characterized as those homogeneous continua which do not have the disjoint arcs property.
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对光磁共振实验中各反常共振信号对应的射频信号进行了研究,提出了反常共振信号的判断方法.利用傅立叶级数展开,对反常射频信号各谐波分量的强度进行了定量分析.结果表明,反常共振信号是由射频信号中的谐波所引起,而非多量子跃迁的结果. 相似文献
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通过研究非正常凸、凹多边形板着地后的特点,得出了非正常凸多边形板及凹多边形板各边着地的概率.进而用立体角的概念,在分析非正常凸、凹多面体着地的特点后,得到了非正常凸多面体及凹多面体各面着地的概率. 相似文献
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Theoretical insights into the relative bonding of normal and abnormal N‐heterocyclic carbenes in [PdCl2(NHCR)2] and [PdCl2(NHCR)(aNHCR)] (R = H,Ph, Mes) 下载免费PDF全文
Krishna K. Pandey 《International journal of quantum chemistry》2016,116(7):537-546
Quantum chemical insights into normal Pd‐C2(NHCR) and abnormal Pd‐C5(aNHCR) bonding, dominated by dispersion interactions in N‐hetereocyclic carbene complexes [PdCl2(NHCR)2] ( I , R = H; II , R = Ph; III , R = Mes (2,4,6‐trimethyl)phenyl)) and [PdCl2(NHCR)(aNHCR] ( IV , R = H; V , R = Ph; VI , R = Mes) have been investigated at DFT and DFT‐D3(BJ) level of theory with particular emphasis on the effects of the noncovalent interactions on the structures and the nature of Pd‐C2(NHCR) and Pd‐C5(aNHCR) bonds. The optimized geometries are good agreement with the experimental values. The Pd‐C bonds are essentially single bond. Hirshfeld charge distributions indicate that the abnormal aNHCR carbene ligand is relatively better electron donor than the normal NHCR carbene ligand. The C2 atom has larger %s contribution along Pd‐C2 bond than the C5 atom along Pd‐C5 bond. As a consequence the Pd‐C2(NHCR) bonds are relative stronger than the Pd‐C5(aNHCR) bonds. Thus, the results of natural hybrid orbital analysis support the key point of the present study. Calculations predict that for bulky substituent (R = Ph, Mes) at carbene, the Pd‐C2(NHCR) bond is stronger than Pd‐C5(aNHCR) bond due to large dispersion energy in [PdCl2(NHCR)2] than in [PdCl2(NHCR)(aNHCR)]. However, in case of non‐bulky substituent with small and almost equal contribution of dispersion energy, the Pd‐C2(NHCR) bond is relative weaker than Pd‐C5(aNHCR) bond. The bond dissociation energies are dependent on the R substituent, the DFT functional and the inclusion of dispersion interactions. Major point of this study is that the abnormal aNHCs are not always strongly bonded with metal center than the normal NHCs. Effects of dispersion interaction of substituent at nitrogen atoms of carbene ligand are found to play a crucial role on estimation of relative bonding strengths of the normal and abnormal aNHCs with metal center. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献