Some model theory for monotone quantifiers

A generalization of the existential and universal quantifier, the monotone quantifiers, are studied. It is shown that the model theory for monotone quantifiers behaves very much like classical model theory. Completeness theorems, definability theorems and preservation theorems are given. Ultraproducts, reduced products and Back and Forth arguments are studied.This work is part of the research program of the G.N.S.A.G. group of the Italian C.N.R.     

On Estimation of Temperature Uncertainty Using the Second Order Adjoint Problem

The uncertainty of temperature prediction from the heat flux error is estimated using first and second order adjoint equations. The adjoint codes developed for the inverse heat transfer problems provide the uncertainty estimation for the corresponding forward problems. Numerical tests corroborate the feasibility of fast uncertainty estimation using Hessian maximum eigenvalue obtained via second order adjoint equations.     

Leading order one-loop CP and P violating effective action in the Standard Model

The fermions of the Standard Model are integrated out to obtain the effective Lagrangian in the sector violating P and CP   at zero temperature. We confirm that no contributions arise for operators of dimension six or less and show that the leading operators are of dimension eight. To assert this we explicitly compute one such non-vanishing contribution, namely, that with three Z⁰$Z^0$, two W⁺$W^{+}$ and two W⁻$W^{-}$. Terms involving just gluons and W?s are also considered, however, they turn out to vanish in the P-odd sector to eighth order. The analogous gluonic term in the CP-odd and P-even (C-odd) sector is non-vanishing and it is also computed. The expressions derived apply directly to massive Dirac neutrinos. All CP-violating results display the infrared enhancement already found at dimension six.     

基于TG-FTIR的杨木热解过程中脲醛树脂影响机理的模型物研究

热解是废弃人造板高效回收利用的方式,人造板中所含胶黏剂是其不同于生物质的主要特征。为了有效环保地利用热解技术处理废弃人造板,解明人造板热解过程中其所含脲醛树脂胶黏剂(UF)对木材热解特性的影响,深入探索UF对人造板中木材各组分的作用机制,以杨木及木材的三种主要组分(纤维素、半纤维素、木素)为研究对象,创新性地依据杨木的化学组成,以纤维素、木聚糖和木素配制成模型物,并加入UF模拟人造板的构成。利用热重红外光谱联用(TG-FTIR)分析法,对比分析了加入UF前后模型物以及杨木各主要组分的热失重特性及气相演变规律。热重及红外结果表明,UF促进了纤维素热解过程中水和羧酸类物质的生成。UF与木素结合生成热不稳定的含氮结构,释放大量氨气,并且在200～300 ℃区间内参与了木素的热解并直接影响木素热解产物的生成。由此推测,在人造板热解过程中,木材三种主要组分中与UF作用的主要成分是木素。     

药品近红外光谱通用性定量模型评价参数的选择

为寻找药品近红外通用性定量模型在建立过程中用于确立最优模型的关键评价参数组合,收集整理了目前各种商品化化学计量学软件及文献中的13个常用于评价近红外定量模型的统计学参数,结合人用药品注册技术要求国际协调会对于药品定量分析方法验证基本要求,对92个药品近红外通用性定量分析模型的这些参数进行了计算和分析。通过对各个参数之间相互关系的研究,确定了适合于药品近红外通用性定量分析模型评价的参数组合,并统计出了这些参数的数值范围：用于模型准确性评价的关键参数为交叉验证均方根误差/预测均方根误差、平均相对偏差和相对分析误差;大部分交叉验证均方根误差/预测均方根误差结果在3%以内,其中交叉验证均方根误差在数值上与平均绝对偏差相当,大部分相对分析误差值大于2,而平均相对偏差的数值与所建模型的类型(剂型、样品的包装形式)和待测成分含量的分布有关。模型线性评价关键参数为决定系数;大部分模型的决定系数在80%～100%之间。模型耐用性关键评价参数为预测均方根误差与交叉验证均方根误差的比值,大部分模型该参数在1.5以内。精密度评价关键参数为重复测定结果的标准差;该参数对于规范近红外的操作,以及考核模型能否在不同仪器间传递具有重要的意义,但目前药品近红外通用性定量模型对于分析精密度的关注较少,无法估计出具体数值范围。该研究不仅为药品近红外通用性模型的建立者和使用者提供了评价模型优劣的依据,也为完善药品近红外光谱通用性定量分析模型的参数评价体系提供了基础数据。     

可见/近红外光谱的油茶籽油三元体系掺假检测模型优化

采用可见/近红外光谱技术结合化学计量学方法对油茶籽油三元体系掺假进行定量检测研究。将菜籽油和花生油按不同比例掺入纯油茶籽油中,获得掺假样本。采集纯油茶籽油及掺假样本在350~1 800 nm范围内的可见/近红外光谱数据,随机分为校正集和预测集,并从不同建模波段、预处理方法及建模方法角度对掺假预测模型进行优化。研究结果表明,菜籽油、花生油和总掺伪量的最优建模波段及预处理方法分别为750~1 770,900~1 770 ,870~1 770 nm和多元散射校正(MSC)、标准归一化处理(SNV)和二阶微分,而最优的建模方法均为最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)。对于最优掺假模型,菜籽油、花生油和总掺伪量的预测集相关系数(R_p)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.963,0.982,0.993和2.1%,1.5%,1.8%。由此可见,可见/近红外光谱技术结合化学计量学方法可以用于油茶籽油的三元体系掺假定量检测。     

Asymmetric responses of international stock markets to trading volume

The major goal of this paper is to examine the hypothesis that stock returns and return volatility are asymmetric, threshold nonlinear, functions of change in trading volume. A minor goal is to examine whether return spillover effects also display such asymmetry. Employing a double-threshold GARCH model with trading volume as a threshold variable, we find strong evidence supporting this hypothesis in five international market return series. Asymmetric causality tests lend further support to our trading volume threshold model and conclusions. Specifically, an increase in volume is positively associated, while decreasing volume is negatively associated, with the major price index in four of the five markets. The volatility of each series also displays an asymmetric reaction, four of the markets display higher volatility following increases in trading volume. Using posterior odds ratio, the proposed threshold model is strongly favored in three of the five markets, compared to a US news double threshold GARCH model and a symmetric GARCH model. We also find significant nonlinear asymmetric return spillover effects from the US market.     

近红外光谱分析技术

介绍了近红外光谱分析技术的工作原理,阐述了其数学模型的建立及分析过程,总结了现有常用的化学计量学方法及各自的优点,最后简单的概括了近红外光谱分析技术的应用,尤其是在制药方面的应用.     

低温液体流动沸腾数值计算中的相间传热模型

采用双流体模型预测了液氮在垂直管内的流动沸腾过程,着重考察和评价了五个常用的相间传热模型对数值计算结果的影响,找出了最优的相间传热模型;同时,研究还发现相间传热模型对流动压降的预测并无明显影响.     

An improved automatic time-of-flight picker for medical ultrasound tomography

Objective and motivationTime-of-flight (TOF) tomography used by a clinical ultrasound tomography device can efficiently and reliably produce sound-speed images of the breast for cancer diagnosis. Accurate picking of TOFs of transmitted ultrasound signals is extremely important to ensure high-resolution and high-quality ultrasound sound-speed tomograms. Since manually picking is time-consuming for large datasets, we developed an improved automatic TOF picker based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC), as described in this paper.MethodsWe make use of an approach termed multi-model inference (model averaging), based on the calculated AIC values, to improve the accuracy of TOF picks. By using multi-model inference, our picking method incorporates all the information near the TOF of ultrasound signals. Median filtering and reciprocal pair comparison are also incorporated in our AIC picker to effectively remove outliers.ResultsWe validate our AIC picker using synthetic ultrasound waveforms, and demonstrate that our automatic TOF picker can accurately pick TOFs in the presence of random noise with absolute amplitudes up to 80% of the maximum absolute signal amplitude. We apply the new method to 1160 in vivo breast ultrasound waveforms, and compare the picked TOFs with manual picks and amplitude threshold picks. The mean value and standard deviation between our TOF picker and manual picking are 0.4 μs and 0.29 μs, while for amplitude threshold picker the values are 1.02 μs and 0.9 μs, respectively. Tomograms for in vivo breast data with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (∼25 dB) and low SNR (∼18 dB) clearly demonstrate that our AIC picker is much less sensitive to the SNRs of the data, compared to the amplitude threshold picker.Discussion and conclusionsThe picking routine developed here is aimed at determining reliable quantitative values, necessary for adding diagnostic information to our clinical ultrasound tomography device - CURE. It has been successfully adopted into CURE, and allows us to generate such values reliably. We demonstrate that in vivo sound-speed tomograms with our TOF picks significantly improve the reconstruction accuracy and reduce image artifacts.