The visible and ultraviolet organic light-emitting diodes with germanium dioxide as facile solution-processed anode buffer layer

Germanium dioxide (GeO₂) aqueous solutions are facilely prepared and the corresponding anode buffer layers (ABLs) with solution process are demonstrated. Atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show that solution-processed GeO₂ behaves superior film morphology and enhanced work function. Using GeO₂ as ABL of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), the visible device with tris(8-hydroxy-quinolinato)aluminium as emitter gives maximum luminous efficiency of 6.5 cd/A and power efficiency of 3.5 lm/W, the ultraviolet device with 3-(4-biphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-tert-butylphenyl-1,2,4-triazole as emitter exhibits short-wavelength emission with peak of 376 nm, full-width at half-maximum of 42 nm, maximum radiance of 3.36 mW/cm² and external quantum efficiency of 1.5%. The performances are almost comparable to the counterparts with poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly (styrenesulfonate) as ABL. The current, impedance, phase and capacitance as a function of voltage characteristics elucidate that the GeO₂ ABL formed from appropriate concentration of GeO₂ aqueous solution favors hole injection enhancement and accordingly promoting device performance.     

双层桥梁耦合系统的强迫振动

本文研究作为双层桥模型的梁方程耦合系统，利用Ｌｅｒａｙ－Ｓｃｈａｕｄｅｒ不动点定理，得到了一个关于这种系统的解的存在性定理，它类似于ＭｃＫｅｎｎａ和Ｗａｌｔｅｒ文２中关于吊桥方程的一个定理。     

共振下n维Lienard型方程的2π周期解

本文在跨共振点条件下证明n维Lienard型方程存在2π周期解.     

Some Notes about Tanaka''''s Equation

ＳｏｍｅＮｏｔｅｓａｂｏｕｔＴａｎａｋａ＇ｓＥｑｕａｔｉｏｎＹａｎＺｈｉｂｉｎ（严质彬）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＭａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃｓ，ＨａｒｂｉｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，Ｈａｒｂｉｎ，１５０００１）ＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔＬｅｔ｛Ｗｔ...     

Second Order Nonlinear Evolution Inclusions Ⅰ： Existence and Relaxation Results

This is the first part of a work on second order nonlinear, nonmonotone evolution inclusions defined in the framework of an evolution triple of spaces and with a multivalued nonlinearity depending on both x（t） and x（t）. In this first part we prove existence and relaxation theorems. We consider the case of an usc, convex valued nonlinearity and we show that for this problem the solution set is nonempty and compact in C^1 （T, H）. Also we examine the Isc, nonconvex case and again we prove the existence of solutions. In addition we establish the existence of extremal solutions and by strengthening our hypotheses, we show that the extremal solutions are dense in C^1 （T, H） to the solutions of the original convex problem （strong relaxation）. An example of a nonlinear hyperbolic optimal control problem is also discussed.     

Assessment of some iterative methods for non-symmetric linear systems arising in computational fluid dynamics

Various tests have been carried out in order to compare the performances of several methods used to solve the non-symmetric linear systems of equations arising from implicit discretizations of CFD problems, namely the scalar advection-diffusion equation and the compressible Euler equations. The iterative schemes under consideration belong to three families of algorithms: relaxation (Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel), gradient and Newton methods. Two gradient methods have been selected: a Krylov subspace iteration method (GMRES) and a non-symmetric extension of the conjugate gradient method (CGS). Finally, a quasi-Newton method has also been considered (Broyden). The aim of this paper is to provide indications of which appears to be the most adequate method according to the particular circumstances as well as to discuss the implementation aspects of each scheme.     

对称矩阵与反对称矩阵广义特征值反问题的拓广

定义了上三角等次对角线矩阵和上三角交错次对角线矩阵;讨论了矩阵方程AX-XA=0的对称解与AX XA=0的反对称解.在此基础上考虑了以下问题的可解性:给定A∈Rn×m,D∈Rm×m,分别求X,Y∈SRn×n和X,Y∈ASRn×n,使得XA=YDA.     

Preparation and characterization of ZnO nanorods from NaOH solutions with assisted electrical field

ZnO naorods on ZnO-coated seed substrates were fabricated by solution chemical method from Zn(NO₃)₂/NaOH under assisted electrical field. The working mechanism of electrical field was analyzed and the factors affecting the rod growth such as potential, precursor concentration and growth temperature were elucidated. The structural and optical properties are characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, HRTEM and UV-vis. The results indicated that the nanorods have wurtzite structure without electrical field and are primarily of zincite structure under electrical field; when the electrical field is 1.1-1.3 V, not only the elevation of ion diffusion and adsorption lower the crystallite/solution interfacial energy and then the crystal nucleation barrier by increasing charge intensity, but also the production of H⁺ through oxidation of OH⁻ increases properly the degree of solution supersaturation near the substrate, and thus lowers the activation energy. Both the two processes do favor to rod growth. With increasing precursor concentration in this system, the average diameter and length of ZnO nanorods increase, leading to decreasing of optical transmittance. The maximum rod growth rate at given concentration of Zn²⁺ occurs at a specific temperature.     

Fuzzy矩阵方程的摄动问题

讨论了Fuzzy矩阵A的同解简化矩阵A^(2)，指出陈贻源论文《解Fuzzy关系方程》中定量3的错误。研究Fuzzy矩阵方程的摄动问题，解决了汤服成（2000）提出的未解决问题。     

ROBUSTNESS OF AN UPWIND FINITE DIFFERENCE SCHEME FOR SEMILINEAR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS WITH BOUNDARY TURNING POINTS

We consider a singularly perturbed semilinear convection-diffusion problem with a boundary layer of attractive turning-point type. It is shown that its solution can be decomposed into a regular solution component and a layer component. This decomposi-tion is used to analyse the convergence of an upwinded finite difference scheme on Shishkin meshes.