模糊数学,随机数学与精确数学的逻辑比较

本文揭示模糊数学，随机数学与精确数学有相似的形式公理化描述，它们的区别只在语义上。     

Fuzzy Topology Based on Residuated Lattice-Valued Logic

We use a semantical method of complete residuated lattice-valued logic to give a generalization of fuzzy topology as a partial answer to a problem by Roser and Turquette. This work is supported by the National Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant No: 69725004), Research and Development Project of High-Technology (Grant No: 863-306-ZT06-04-3) and Foundation of Natural Sciences (Grant No: 69823001) of China and Fok Ying-Tung Education Foundation     

数理逻辑中的数值化方法

数理逻辑的本质是形式推理而不是数值计算,非此即彼式的严谨性是其特征,因而在一定意义下它是"两极化"的.比如,(1)一个逻辑理论或者是相容的,或者是不相容的,不存在"半相容的"理论.(2)"逻辑公式A是假设集T的推论"或者成立,或者不成立,说它近似成立是无意义的.(3)逻辑公式中有重言式和矛盾式,但没有0.8重言式.本文的目的在于为上述基本概念提供程度化的版本,并从而建立一种近似推理理论.     

经典命题逻辑的Boole语义理论

以有限Boole代数作为赋值域建立了经典命题逻辑的一种新的语义理论;证明了命题逻辑公式为重言式当且仅当该命题的每个赋值都等于Boole代数的最大元;在这种新语义理论中提出了公式的B-度实概念,研究了B-真度的基本性质。     

Interpreting evidential distances by connecting them to partial orders: Application to belief function approximation

Distances between mass functions are instrumental tools in evidence theory, yet it is not always clear in which situation a particular distance should be used. Indeed, while the mathematical properties of distances have been well studied, how to interpret them is still a largely open issue. As a step towards answering this question, we propose to interpret distances by looking at their compatibility with partial orders. We formalize this compatibility through some mathematical properties thereby allowing to combine the advantages of both partial orders (clear semantics) and distances (richer structure and access to numerical tools). We explore in particular the case of informational partial orders, and how distances compatible with such orders can be used to approximate initial belief functions by simpler ones through the use of convex optimization. We finish by discussing some perspectives of the current work.     

Semantics and factor analysis: An approach to the interpretation of factors

The interpretation of factors constitutes a major problem in factor analysis. Until now the underlying semantic aspects of the question have been studied only occasionally. However, there are some indications that the mechanical interpretation of the results may constitute in the immediate future a real need in the realm of very large problems. On the other hand, the semantic study of multivariate statistical methods is the only way to warrant the validity of the mechanization procedures and the means to identify their limits.     

Applied linguistics: Optimization of semantic relations by data aggregation techniques

After a short methodological presentation of similarity aggregation in automatic classification, we will present an application to computational linguistics. We will try to explain, from an existing dictionary of synonyms, how we have

• (a) defined what was, in our opinion, the meaning of the synonymous relation we wanted to reveal in a new optimized dictionary,
• (b) transformed the existing dictionary into a sequence of matrices of synonymy,
• (c) checked with an adapted algorithm (similarity aggregation technique) if the links appearing in the existing dictionary corresponded to our synonymy definition,
• (d) tried to improve the synonymous relation,

in order to propose more accurate data facilitating the management of a new dictionary and providing a classification of synonyms according to a semic separate valuation.     

Lattice-driven cellular automata implementing local semantics

We propose a model based on Elementary Cellular Automata (ECA) where each cell has its own semantics defined by a lattice. Semantics play the following two roles: (1) a state space for computation and (2) a mediator generating and negotiating the discrepancy between the rule and the state. We call semantics playing such roles ‘local semantics’. A lattice is a mathematical structure with certain limits. Weakening the limits reveals local semantics. Firstly, we implement local semantics for ECA and call the result ‘Lattice-Driven Cellular Automata’ (LDCA). In ECA rules are common and invariant for all cells, and uniquely determine the state changes, whereas in LDCA rules and states interplay with each other dynamically and directly in each cell. Secondly, we compare the space-time patterns of LDCA with those of ECA with respect to the relationship between the mean value and variance of the ‘input-entropy’. The comparison reveals that LDCA generate complex patterns more universally than ECA. Lastly, we discuss the observation that the direct interplay between levels yields wholeness dynamically.     

Categorical Abstract Algebraic Logic: Algebraic Semantics for (\documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\bf{\pi }$\end{document})‐Institutions

Various aspects of the work of Blok and Rebagliato on the algebraic semantics for deductive systems are studied in the context of logics formalized as π‐institutions. Three kinds of semantics are surveyed: institution, matrix (system) and algebraic (system) semantics, corresponding, respectively, to the generalized matrix, matrix and algebraic semantics of the theory of sentential logics. After some connections between matrix and algebraic semantics are revealed, it is shown that every (finitary) N‐rule based extension of an N‐rule based π‐institution possessing an algebraic semantics also possesses an algebraic semantics. This result abstracts one of the main theorems of Blok and Rebagliato. An attempt at a Blok‐Rebagliato‐style characterization of those π‐institutions with a mono‐unary category of natural transformations on their sentence functors having an algebraic semantics is also made. Finally, a necessary condition for a π‐institution to possess an algebraic semantics is provided.     

Mapping deontic operators to abductive expectations

Deontic concepts and operators have been widely used in several fields where representation of norms is needed, including legal reasoning and normative multi-agent systems. The EU-funded SOCS project has provided a language to specify the agent interaction in open multi-agent systems. The language is equipped with a declarative semantics based on abductive logic programming, and an operational semantics consisting of a (sound and complete) abductive proof procedure. In the SOCS framework, the specification is used directly as a program for the verification procedure. In this paper, we propose a mapping of the usual deontic operators (obligations, prohibition, permission) to language entities, called expectations, available in the SOCS social framework. Although expectations and deontic operators can be quite different from a philosophical viewpoint, we support our mapping by showing a similarity between the abductive semantics for expectations and the Kripke semantics that can be given to deontic operators. The main purpose of this work is to make the computational machinery from the SOCS social framework available for the specification and verification of systems by means of deontic operators. Marco Alberti received his laurea degree in Electronic Engineering in 2001 and his Ph.D. in Information Engineering in 2005 from the University of Ferrara, Italy. His research interests include constraint logic programming and abductive logic programming, applied in particular to the specification and verification of multi-agent systems. He has been involved as a research assistants in national and European research projects. He currently has a post-doc position in the Department of Engineering at the University of Ferrara. Marco Gavanelli is currently assistant professor in the Department of Engineering at the University of Ferrara, Italy. He graduated in Computer Science Engineering in 1998 at the University of Bologna, Italy. He got his Ph.D. in 2002 at Ferrara University. His research interest include Artificial Intelligence, Constraint Logic Programming, Multi-criteria Optimisation, Abductive Logic Programming, Multi-Agent Systems. He is a member of ALP (the Association for Logic Programming) and AI*IA (the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence). He has organised workshops, and is author of more than 30 publications between journals and conference proceedings. Evelina Lamma received her degree in Electronic Engineering from University of Bologna, Italy, in 1985 and her Ph.D. degree in Computer Science in 1990. Currently she is Full Professor at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Ferrara where she teaches Artificial Intelligence and Foundations of Computer Science. Her research activity focuses around: – programming languages (logic languages, modular and object-oriented programming); – artificial intelligence; – knowledge representation; – intelligent agents and multi-agent systems; – machine learning. Her research has covered implementation, application and theoretical aspects. She took part to several national and international research projects. She was responsible of the research group at the Dipartimento di Ingegneria of the University of Ferrara in the UE ITS-2001-32530 Project (named SOCS), in the the context of the UE V Framework Programme - Global Computing Action. Paola Mello received her degree in Electronic Engineering from the University of Bologna, Italy, in 1982, and her Ph.D. degree in Computer Science in 1989. Since 1994 she has been Full Professor. She is enrolled, at present, at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Bologna (Italy), where she teaches Artificial Intelligence. Her research activity focuses on programming languages, with particular reference to logic languages and their extensions, artificial intelligence, knowledge representation, expert systems with particular emphasis on medical applications, and multi-agent systems. Her research has covered implementation, application and theoretical aspects and is presented in several national and international publications. She took part to several national and international research projects in the context of computational logic. Giovanni Sartor is Marie-Curie professor of Legal informatics and Legal Theory at the European University Institute of Florence and professor of Computer and Law at the University of Bologna (on leave), after obtaining a PhD at the European University Institute (Florence), working at the Court of Justice of the European Union (Luxembourg), being a researcher at the Italian National Council of Research (ITTIG, Florence), and holding the chair in Jurisprudence at Queen’s University of Belfast (where he now is honorary professor). He is co-editor of the Artificial Intelligence and Law Journal and has published widely in legal philosophy, computational logic, legislation technique, and computer law. Paolo Torroni is Assistant Professor in computing at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Bologna, Italy. He obtained a PhD in Computer Science and Electronic Engineering in 2002, with a dissertation on logic-based agent reasoning and interaction. His research interests mainly focus on computational logic and multi-agent systems research, including logic programming, abductive and hypothetical reasoning, agent interaction, dialogue, negotiation, and argumentation. He is in the steering committee of the CLIMA and DALT international workshops and of the Italian logic programming interest group GULP.