Interlacing of Hurwitz series

In this paper, we introduce the notion of interlacing of Hurwitz series. We begin by reviewing some important properties of the ring of Hurwitz series over a commutative ring A of arbitrary characteristic, and we introduce and investigate properties of the maps exp and log. We show that solutions of linear homogeneous differential equations with constant coefficients from the ring A can be described simply as interlacings of solutions of a first order system of differential equations. We give several examples to illustrate this result, and we conclude by defining and investigating properties of trigonometric functions using interlacings of Hurwitz series.     

Constructing rational and multi‐wave solutions to higher order NEEs via the Exp‐function method

In this paper, we present an application of some known generalizations of the Exp‐function method to the fifth‐order Burgers and to the seventh‐order Korteweg de Vries equations for the first time. The two examples show that the Exp‐function method can be an effective alternative tool for explicitly constructing rational and multi‐wave solutions with arbitrary parameters to higher order nonlinear evolution equations. Being straightforward and concise, as pointed out previously, this procedure does not require the bilinear representation of the equation considered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Solutions for the double Sine‐Gordon equation by Exp‐function,Tanh, and extended Tanh methods

In this work, we implement some analytical techniques such as the Exp‐function, Tanh, and extended Tanh methods for solving nonlinear partial differential equation, which contains sine terms, its name Double Sine‐Gordon equation. These methods obtain exact solutions of different types of differential equations in engineering mathematics. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2010     

Application of Exp‐function method to EW‐Burgers equation

In this article, Exp‐function method is used to obtain an exact solution of the equal‐width wave‐Burgers equation (EW‐Burgers). The method is straightforward and concise, and its applications are promising. It is shown that Exp‐function method, with the help of symbolic computation, provides a very effective and powerful mathematical tool for solving EW‐Burgers equation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2010     

Influence of compound danshen tablet on the pharmacokinetics of losartan and its metabolite EXP3174 by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry

Losartan is an effective anti‐hypotension drug frequently used in clinic. Compound danshen tablet (CDST) is an important traditional Chinese multiherbal formula composed of Danshen, Sanqi and Bingpian, which is widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in China. More often, losartan and CDST are simultaneously used for the treatment of anti‐hypertension in the clinic. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of losartan and EXP3174 after oral administration of single losartan and both losartan and CDST, and to investigate the influence of CDST on the pharmacokinetics of losartan and its metabolite EXP3174. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to two groups: a losartan‐only group and a losartan and CDST group. Plasma concentrations of losartan and EXP3174 were determined by LC‐MS at designated points after drug administration, and the main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. It was found that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the pharmacokinetic parameters of losartan and EXP3174, which showed that CDST influenced the metabolism and excretion of losartan in vivo. The result could be used for clinical medication guidance of losartan and CDST to avoid the occurrence of adverse reactions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal Exponential Utility in a Jump Bond Market

We consider the optimal exponential utility in a bond market with jumps basing on a model similar to Björk et al. [4 Björk , T. , Kabanov , Y. , and Runggaldier , W. 1997 . Bond market structure in the presence of marked point processes . Math. Finance 7 : 211 – 223 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]], which is arbitrage free. Similar to the normalized integral with respect to the cylindrical martingale first introduced in Mikulevicius and Rozovskii [13 Mikulevicius , R. , and Rozovskii , B.L. 1998 . Normalized stochastic integrals in topological vector spaces . In : Séminaire de probabilités XXXII (Lecture Notes in Mathematics) . Springer , Berlin , pp. 137 – 165 . [Google Scholar]], we introduce the (𝕄, Q ⁰)-normalized martingale and local (𝕄, Q ⁰)-normalized martingale. For a given maturity T ₀ ∈ [0, T*], we describe the minimal entropy martingale (MEM) based on [T ₀, T*] by a backward semimartingale equation (BSE) w.r.t. the (𝕄, Q ⁰)-normalized martingale. Then we give an explicit form of the optimal approximate wealth to the optimal exp-utility problem by making use of the solution of the BSE. Finally, we describe the dynamics of the exp utility indifference valuation of a bounded contingent claim H ∈ L ^∞(? _{T 0} ) by another BSE under the minimal entropy martingale measure in the incomplete market.     

New exact solutions for seventh‐order Sawada–Kotera–Ito,Lax and Kaup–Kupershmidt equations using Exp‐function method

In this work, Exp‐function method is used to solve three different seventh‐order nonlinear partial differential KdV equations. Sawada–Kotera–Ito, Lax and Kaup–Kupershmidt equations are well known and considered for solve. Exp‐function method can be used as an alternative to obtain analytic and approximate solutions of different types of differential equations applied in engineering mathematics. Ultimately this method is implemented to solve these equations and convenient and effective solutions are obtained. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Exact solutions for nonlinear partial differential equations via Exp‐function method

In this article, the Exp‐function method is applied to nonlinear Burgers equation and special fifth‐order partial differential equation. Using this method, we obtain exact solutions for these equations. The method is straightforward and concise, and its applications are promising. This method can be used as an alternative to obtain analytical and approximate solutions of different types of nonlinear differential equations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2010     

Some new and general solutions to the compound KdV-Burgers system with nonlinear terms of any order

In this letter, a new Riccati equation expansion method is presented for constructing exact travelling-wave solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations. The main idea of this method is to take full advantage of the solutions of the Riccati equation to construct exact travelling-wave solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations. As a result, some more generalized solutions, which contain triangular periodic solutions, exp function solutions and the soliton-like solutions, are obtained.     

Area radiation monitoring on ISS Increments 17 to 22 using PADLES in the Japanese Experiment Module Kibo

The measurement of radiation environmental parameters in space is essential to support radiation risk assessments for astronauts and establish a benchmark for space radiation models for present and future human space activities. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is performing a continuous area radiation monitoring experiment using the “PAssive Dosimeters for Lifescience Experiments in Space” (PADLES) system inside the Japanese Experiment Module Kibo on board the International Space Station (ISS). The PADLES dosimeter consists of thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors (PNTDs). JAXA has run the Area PADLES experiment since the Kibo module was attached to the ISS in June 2008, using 17 dosimeters in fixed locations on the Pressurized Module (PM) and the Experiment Logistics Module-Pressurized Section (ELM-PS) of Kibo, which are replaced every 6 months or every Increment, respectively. For three monitoring periods, known as Area PADLES experiment series #1 to #3, of 301, 180, and 232 days in June 2008 to April 2010 over ISS Increments 17 to 22, the average absorbed dose (dose equivalent) rates of 12 positions in the PM of Kibo were 319 ± 30 μGy/day (618 ± 102 μSv/day), 276 ± 30 μGy/day (608 ± 94 μSv/day), and 293 ± 33 μGy/day (588 ± 84 μSv/day), respectively. The radiation measurement in the ELM-PS was conducted in only Area PADLES experiment series #3 from August 2009 to April 2010 (232 days) over ISS Increments 21 to 22, the average absorbed dose (dose equivalent) rates of 5 positions was 297 ± 28 μGy/day (661 ± 65 μSv/day). The directional dependence of the radiation field was also investigated by installing PADLES dosimeters located in the zenith of ELM-PS of Kibo.