补阳还五汤联合依达拉奉对脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的研究补阳还五汤联合依达拉奉对小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经细胞凋亡及Bcl-2、Bax和Caspase-3表达的影响。方法将50只小鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、补阳还五汤组、依达拉奉组和两药联用组,每组10只,其中缺血再灌注后1d和7d各5只。首先制备小鼠大脑中动脉缺血模型,TUNEL法观察神经细胞凋亡指数（AI）,免疫组化法观察小鼠大脑皮质神经元Bcl、Bax-2和Caspase-3表达阳性细胞数。结果与模型组比较,补阳还五汤组、依达拉奉组、两药联用组小鼠脑神经细胞AI值均明显降低（P＜0.05）,Bcl-2/Bax比值明显升高（P＜0.05）,Caspase-3表达阳性细胞数明显减少（P＜0.05）,其中又以两药联用组更为明显（P＜0.05）。结论两药联用能降低脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经细胞的凋亡,降低促凋亡基因Caspase-3的表达,协同发挥脑保护作用。     

Synthesis of 4-Aminopyrazol-5-ols as Edaravone Analogs and Their Antioxidant Activity

One of the powerful antioxidants used clinically is Edaravone (EDA). We synthesized a series of new EDA analogs, 4-aminopyrazol-5-ol hydrochlorides, including polyfluoroalkyl derivatives, via the reduction of 4-hydroxyiminopyrazol-5-ones. The primary antioxidant activity of the compounds in comparison with EDA was investigated in vitro using ABTS, FRAP, and ORAC tests. In all tests, 4-Amino-3-pyrazol-5-ols were effective. The lead compound, 4-amino-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazol-5-ol hydrochloride (APH), showed the following activities: ABTS, 0.93 TEAC; FRAP, 0.98 TE; and ORAC, 4.39 TE. APH and its NH-analog were not cytotoxic against cultured normal human fibroblasts even at 100 μM, in contrast to EDA. According to QM calculations, 4-aminopyrazolols were characterized by lower gaps, IP, and η compared to 4-hydroxyiminopyrazol-5-ones, consistent with their higher antioxidant activities in ABTS and FRAP tests, realized by the SET mechanism. The radical-scavenging action evaluated in the ORAC test occurred by the HAT mechanism through OH bond breaking in all compounds, directly dependent on the dissociation energy of the OH bond. All the studied compounds demonstrated the absence of anticholinesterase activity and moderate inhibition of CES by some 4-aminopyrazolols. Thus, the lead compound APH was found to be a good antioxidant with the potential to be developed as a novel therapeutic drug candidate in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress.     

A novel fluorescent assay for edaravone with aqueous functional CdSe quantum dots

Aqueous thiol-capped CdSe QDs with a narrow, symmetric emission were prepared under a low temperature. Based on the fluorescence enhancement of thiol-stabilized CdSe quantum dots (QDs) caused by edaravone, a simple, rapid and specific quantitative method was proposed to the edaravone determination. The concentration dependence of fluorescence intensity followed the binding of edaravone to surface of the thiol-capped CdSe QDs was effectively described by a modified Langmuir-type binding isotherm. Factors affecting the fluorescence detection for edaravone with thiol-stabilized CdSe QDs were studied, such as the effect of pH, reaction time, the concentration of CdSe QDs and so on. Under the optimal conditions, the calibration plot of C/(I − I₀) with concentration of edaravone was linear in the range of (1.45–17.42) μg/mL (0.008–0.1 μmol/L) with correlation coefficient of 0.998. The limit of detection (LOD) (3σ/κ) was 0.15 μg/mL (0.0009 μmol/mL). Possible interaction mechanism was discussed.     

Development and application of a LC–MS/MS assay for the simultaneous quantification of edaravone and taurine in beagle plasma

An LC–MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of edaravone and taurine in beagle plasma. The plasma sample was deproteinized using acetonitrile containing formic acid. Chromatographic separations were achieved on an Agilent Zorbax SB‐Aq (100 × 2.1 mm, 3.5 μm) column, with a gradient of water (containing 0.03% formic acid) and methanol as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The analyte detection was carried out in multiple reaction monitoring mode and the optimized precursor‐to‐product transitions of m/z [M+H]⁺ 175.1 → 133.0 (edaravone), m/z [M+H]⁺ 189.1 → 147.0 (3‐methyl‐1‐p‐tolyl‐5‐pyrazolone, internal standard, IS), m/z [M–H]^? 124.1→80.0 (taurine), and m/z [M–H]^? 172.0 → 80.0 (sulfanilic acid, IS) were employed to quantify edaravone, taurine, and their corresponding ISs, respectively. The LOD and the lower LOQ were 0.01 and 0.05 μg/mL for edaravone and 0.66 and 2 μg/mL for taurine, respectively. The calibration curves of these two analytes demonstrated good linearity (r ＞ 0.99). All the validation data including the specificity, precision, recovery, and stability conformed to the acceptable requirements. This validated method has successfully been applied in the pharmacokinetic study of edaravone and taurine mixture in beagle dogs.     

2-(1-苯基-3-甲基-5-氧代-4-吡唑基)-2-磺基丙酸的合成工艺改进

以依达拉奉,丙酮酸和亚磺酸钠为原料,合成了依达拉奉衍生物2-(1-苯基-3-甲基-5-氧代-4-吡唑基)-2-磺基丙酸,总收率54%,纯度>99.9%,其结构经1H NMR,13C NMR和HR-MS确证。     

Synthesis and neuroprotective properties of novel cinnamide derivatives

A new series of compounds （E）-1-（4-（bis-arylmethyl）piperazin-l-yl）-3-arylprop-2-en-1-one （1a-r）, have been synthesized and their structures were confirmed by ESI-MS and 1H NMR. The preliminary pharmacological screening showed that some of these compounds had similar neuroprotective effects with Edaravone.     

The investigation of the interaction between edaravone and bovine serum albumin by spectroscopic approaches

The fluorescence and ultraviolet spectroscopies were explored to study the interaction between edaravone (EDA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) under imitated physiological condition. The experimental results show that the fluorescence quenching mechanism between EDA and BSA is a combined quenching (dynamic and static quenching). The binding constants, binding sites, and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS) of the interaction system were calculated at different temperatures. According to Förster non-radiation energy transfer theory, the binding distance between EDA and BSA was calculated to be 3.10 nm. The effect of EDA on the conformation of BSA was analyzed using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. In addition, the effects of some common metal ions Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Ni²⁺ on the binding constant between EDA and BSA were examined.