全文获取类型
收费全文 | 8522篇 |
免费 | 515篇 |
国内免费 | 285篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 1012篇 |
晶体学 | 52篇 |
力学 | 219篇 |
综合类 | 88篇 |
数学 | 5971篇 |
物理学 | 1980篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 48篇 |
2022年 | 133篇 |
2021年 | 215篇 |
2020年 | 195篇 |
2019年 | 200篇 |
2018年 | 182篇 |
2017年 | 161篇 |
2016年 | 215篇 |
2015年 | 183篇 |
2014年 | 328篇 |
2013年 | 775篇 |
2012年 | 318篇 |
2011年 | 365篇 |
2010年 | 318篇 |
2009年 | 485篇 |
2008年 | 495篇 |
2007年 | 576篇 |
2006年 | 408篇 |
2005年 | 309篇 |
2004年 | 249篇 |
2003年 | 294篇 |
2002年 | 335篇 |
2001年 | 277篇 |
2000年 | 276篇 |
1999年 | 239篇 |
1998年 | 223篇 |
1997年 | 133篇 |
1996年 | 134篇 |
1995年 | 120篇 |
1994年 | 130篇 |
1993年 | 68篇 |
1992年 | 80篇 |
1991年 | 81篇 |
1990年 | 62篇 |
1989年 | 72篇 |
1988年 | 61篇 |
1987年 | 66篇 |
1986年 | 42篇 |
1985年 | 93篇 |
1984年 | 64篇 |
1983年 | 41篇 |
1982年 | 51篇 |
1981年 | 16篇 |
1980年 | 34篇 |
1979年 | 37篇 |
1978年 | 24篇 |
1977年 | 33篇 |
1976年 | 20篇 |
1975年 | 15篇 |
1973年 | 13篇 |
排序方式: 共有9322条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
2.
Hydrodynamic cavitation experiments in microfluidic systems have been performed with an aqueous solution of luminol as the working fluid. In order to identify where and how much reactive radical species are formed by the violent bubble collapse, the resulting chemiluminescent oxidation reaction of luminol was scrutinized downstream of a constriction in the microchannel. An original method was developed in order to map the intensity of chemiluminescence emitted from the micro-flow, allowing us to localize the region where radicals are produced. Time averaged void fraction measurements performed by laser induced fluorescence experiments were also used to determine the cavitation cloud position. The combination void fraction and chemiluminescence two-dimensional mapping demonstrated that the maximum chemiluminescent intensity area was found just downstream of the cavitation clouds. Furthermore, the radical yield can be obtained with our single photon counting technique. The maximum radical production rates of 1.2*107 OH/s and radical production per processed liquid volume of 2.15*1010 HO/l were observed. The proposed technique allows for two-dimensional characterisation of radical production in the microfluidic flow and could be a quick, non-intrusive way to optimise hydrodynamic cavitation reactor design and operating parameters, leading to enhancements in wastewater treatments and other process intensifications. 相似文献
3.
Self‐Assembly and Gelation of Poly(aryl ether) Dendrons Containing Hydrazide Units: Factors Controlling the Formation of Helical Structures 下载免费PDF全文
Partha Malakar Prof. Dr. Edamana Prasad 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2015,21(13):5093-5100
Self‐assembly of AB2 and AB3 type low molecular weight poly(aryl ether) dendrons that contain hydrazide units were used to investigate mechanistic aspects of helical structure formation during self‐assembly. The results suggest that there are three important aspects that control helical structure formation in such systems with acyl hydrazide/hydrazone linkage: i) J‐type aggregation, ii) the hydrogen‐bond donor/acceptor ability of the solvent, and iii) the dielectric constant of the solvent. The monomer units self‐assemble to form dimer structures through hydrogen‐bonding and further assembly of the hydrogen‐bonded dimers leads to macroscopic chirality in the present case. Dimer formation was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and by mass spectrometry. The self‐assembly in the system was driven by hydrogen‐bonding and π–π stacking interactions. The morphology of the aggregates formed was examined by scanning electron microscopy, and the analysis suggests that aprotic solvent systems facilitate helical fibre formation, whereas introduction of protic solvents results in the formation of flat ribbons. This detailed mechanistic study suggests that the self‐assembly follows a nucleation–elongation model to form helical structures, rather than the isodesmic model. 相似文献
4.
5.
《Stochastic Processes and their Applications》2020,130(5):2596-2638
In this paper we introduce a new generalisation of the relative Fisher Information for Markov jump processes on a finite or countable state space, and prove an inequality which connects this object with the relative entropy and a large deviation rate functional. In addition to possessing various favourable properties, we show that this generalised Fisher Information converges to the classical Fisher Information in an appropriate limit. We then use this generalised Fisher Information and the aforementioned inequality to qualitatively study coarse-graining problems for jump processes on discrete spaces. 相似文献
6.
文[1]提出了两个DEA的逆问题,并用搜索法来解.而本文根据所证的定理,对每个问题一般只要解二、三个线性规划问题就能得到答案. 相似文献
8.
Lu Chuanrong 《数学年刊B辑(英文版)》1997,18(1):71-78
Let $\{\xi_{\bold t}, {\bold t}
\in {\bold Z}^d\}$ be a nonuniform $\varphi$-mixing strictly stationary
real random field with
$E\xi_{\bold 0}=0, E|\xi_{\bold 0}|^{2+\delta}<\infty$ for some
$0<\delta<1$. A sufficient
condition is given for the sequence of partial sum set-indexed process
$\{Z_n(A),\ A\in \Cal A\}$ to converge to Brownian motion. By a direct
calculation, the author shows
that the result holds for a more general class of set index ${\Cal A}$, where
${\Cal A}$ is assumed only to have the metric entropy exponent $r, 0相似文献
9.
Formalization for problems of multicriteria decision making under uncertainty is constructed in terms of guaranteed and weak
estimates. A relevant definition of the vector maximinimax value is given. Parameterization and approximation of maximum,
minimax, and maximinimax values based on the inverse logical convolution are suggested. An application for multicommodity
networks is considered.
Received: December 13, 2000 / Accepted: August 21, 2001?Published online May 8, 2002 相似文献
10.
L. Aggoun 《Mathematical and Computer Modelling》2002,36(11-13)
In this paper, finite-dimensional recursive filters for space-time Markov random fields are derived. These filters can be used with the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm to yield maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of the model. 相似文献