基于竞合关系的合同制造商融资策略研究

考虑由竞争合同制造商和原始设备生产商(OEM)组成的竞合供应链,竞争合同制造商在上游是OEM的合作者,在下游市场上是OEM的竞争者。当合同制造商因资金约束而不能进行生产运营时,一个通常做法是向银行贷款或者OEM融资;为了更好地探讨竞合供应链的融资决策,考虑了批发价格分别为外生变量和内生变量两种不同的情况下,以OEM为Stackelberg领导者的博弈,这与实际情况很接近。分析结果表明,当批发价格分别为外生变量时,合同制造商融资方式的选择主要受融资利率的影响;当批发价格为内生变量时,合同制造商融资方式的选择主要受自身自有资金量的影响。研究揭示了竞合供应链的融资决策过程,阐明了合同制造商的融资方式选择与自身的自有资金量和融资利率的关系。最后用数值算例对上述结论进行了验证说明。     

联保贷款中的策略性违约规避机制设计

针对联保贷款的策略性违约问题,通过对其产生原因的分析以及对现有文献中解决措施的探讨,设计了一个弹性联保贷款合约。该合约的特点在于,随着企业愿意承担的连带责任的增加,企业可获得的期望收益也随之增加,旨在从正面激励企业主动为同伴承担还款责任,达到规避策略性违约的目的。通过数值分析验证了该弹性合约的特性以及适用范围。并进一步在两企业模式基础上进行拓展,讨论了多于两企业的情况下该弹性合约的适用条件。     

Monotonicity in the stock competition game with consumer search

Anupindi and Bassok investigate the impact of centralizing the stocks in a one-manufacturer-two-retailer supply chain with consumer search. They observed through numerical studies that in the decentralized scenario, the retailers’ order quantities are monotonic in the consumer search probability. This paper provides an analytical justification of this monotonicity.     

Resale price maintenance in supply chains with general multiplicative demand

We analyze a supply chain with a Resale Price Maintenance (RPM) contract in which the manufacturer sets the retail price with a general multiplicative price–demand function and prove the existence/uniqueness of an equilibrium. We also compare the equilibrium prices and quantities, consumer surplus and total system welfare for the RPM and wholesale price contracts. We conclude that a manufacturer may capture a smaller share of the total supply chain profit despite her ability to set the retail price.     

Handling selection bias when choosing actions in retail credit applications

In many situations one needs to know which action one should take with a customer to yield the greatest response. Typically, estimates of the response functions of different actions will be based on the responses of customers previously assigned to each action. Often, however, the previous assignments will not have been random, so that estimates of the response functions will be biased. We examine the case of two possible actions. We look at the error arising from using the simple OLS estimate ignoring the selection bias, and also explore the possibility of using the Heckman model to allow for the sample selectivity. The performance of Heckman’s model is then compared with the simple OLS through simulation.     

Structural models in consumer credit

We propose a structural credit risk model for consumer lending using option theory and the concept of the value of the consumer’s reputation. Using Brazilian empirical data and a credit bureau score as proxy for creditworthiness we compare a number of alternative models before suggesting one that leads to a simple analytical solution for the probability of default. We apply the proposed model to portfolios of consumer loans introducing a factor to account for the mean influence of systemic economic factors on individuals. This results in a hybrid structural-reduced-form model. And comparisons are made with the Basel II approach. Our conclusions partially support that approach for modelling the credit risk of portfolios of retail credit.     

Determining nanomaterials in food

Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the most innovative technologies and has the potential to improve food quality and safety. However, there are a few studies demonstrating that nanomaterials (NMs) are not inherently benign.This review highlights some current applications of NMs in food, food additives and food-contact materials, and reviews analytical approaches suitable to address food-safety issues related to nanotechnology.We start with a preliminary discussion on the current regulatory situation with respect to nanotechnology in relation to foods. We cover sample preparation, imaging techniques (e.g., electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microscopy), separation methods (e.g., field-flow fractionation and chromatographic techniques) and detection or characterization techniques (e.g., light scattering, Raman spectroscopy and mass spectrometry). We also show the first applications of the analysis of NMs in food matrices.     

互联网金融的发展、风险与监管—以P2P网络借贷为例

P2P网络借贷是中国互联网金融的重要业态之一,在短短几年的发展过程中先后呈现出野蛮生长与快速清退、监管缺失与监管频出、风险积聚与风险爆发等鲜明而又迥异的市场特征。本文基于P2P网络借贷市场最有代表性的一手微观数据,系统地分析了这一新兴互联网金融业态的发展与风险特征,并且特别聚焦于前期的监管缺失以及之后密集出台的监管政策对市场风险爆发可能产生的影响,力图为今后针对新兴互联网金融业态的风险监管提供实证的依据。     

An accredited laboratory's view of customer expectations

 Accredited laboratories are the accreditation bodies customers – all other interested parties are stakeholders. The ultimate consumer expects his product to be safe, reliable and good value for money. All other expectations in the supply chain relate to the consumer's expectations.     

奇异协方差阵及不同借贷利率下均值—方差模型的解析解

随着金融资产种类的增加,特别是考虑大规模投资组合问题时,很可能出现资产间的多重共线性或相关性,从而出现协方差阵奇异的情况。然而,目前关于投资组合的均值—方差分析大都是在协方差阵正定的条件下得到的,因此,不适用于奇异协方差阵的情形。针对这一问题,利用广义逆矩阵研究了协方差阵奇异时的均值—方差投资组合模型,在不同借贷利率条件下得到了前沿组合和组合前沿的解析解,突破了传统方法中要求协方差阵可逆的限制,推广了经典Markowitz模型。