勒梅特（Lemaitre，Abbe Georges Edouard 1894-1966）比利时天文学家（Astronomer，Belgium）

比利时天文学家勒梅特（他又是一位天主教神职人员），1927年独立地求出爱因斯坦方程的弗里德曼（前苏联数学家，曾提出引力场方程的各向同性通解，称弗里德曼宇宙模型）解。他的文章发表在一家不知名的比利时杂志上，他设想，宇宙早期处于极端稠密的状态，现在宇宙中的全部物质集中在一个大约只有太阳30倍大的球里，他把这个球称为“原初原子”，像一个巨大的原子核，宇宙起源于这个“原初原子”的爆炸。他的学说比较粗糙，是后来的大爆炸宇宙学说的先河。     

贸易保护死而不僵

显而易见，托马斯·弗里德曼（Thomas L．Friedman）眼中的“世界是平的”已经在全世界深入人心，但是贸易保护主义却动摇了“世界是平的”的根基。1月31日，美国总统奥巴马在国情咨文中宣布成立新的贸易执法部门，这一“意在沛公”的政治诉求可能颠覆“世界是平的”的思维。     

The Decoupling of Scalar-Modes from a Linearly Perturbed Dust-Filled Bianchi Type-I Model

We study linear perturbations about a dust filled Bianchi type-I model with the vorticity set to zero. In comparisonto linear perturbations about the Friedmann-Lemaitre Robertson Walker models, modes of perturbations about the Bianchi type-I models are coupled. We find that the tensor that represents the background shear needs to be degenerate in order for the scalar-mode perturbations to decouple from the rest of the flow.     

Mechanical properties of the thermal equilibrium Friedmann–Robertson–Walker universe model

The mechanical property of the thermal-equilibrium Friedmann-Robertson-Walker （TEFRW） universe is first studied. The equation of state and the scale factor of the TEFRW universe take the forms ofw = w（a;zT） and a = a（a;zT,Ho）. For the universe consisting of the nonrelativistic matter and the dark energy, the behavior of the dark energy depends on the value of the present-day matter fraction. For the TEFRW universe consisting of N ingredients, the effective temperature is introduced. Lastly, a simple TEFRW universe model is analyzed.     

Friedmann Cosmology with Bulk Viscosity： A Concrete Model for Dark Energy

The universe content is considered as a non-perfect fluid with bulk viscosity and can be described by a general equation of state （endowed some deviation from the conventionally assumed cosmic perfect fluid model）. An explicitly bulk viscosity dark energy model is proposed to confront consistently with the current observational data sets by statistical analysis and is shown consistent with （not deviated away much from） the concordant A Cold Dark Matter （CDM） model by comparing the decelerating parameter. Also we compare our relatively simple viscosity dark energy model with a more complicated one by contrast with the concordant ACDM model and find our model improves for the viscosity dark energy model building. Finally we discuss the perspectives of dark energy probes for the coming years with observations.     

Gauss-Bonnet and Lovelock Gravities and the Generalized Second Law of Thermodynamics

It has been shown [Chin. Phys. Lett.25 （2008） 4199] that the generalized second law of thermodynamics holds in Einstein gravity. Here we extend this procedure for Gauss-Bonnet and Lovelock gravities. It is shown that by employing the general expression for temperature Th =｜κ｜/2π= 1/2πτA （1-τA/2HτA） associated with the apparent horizon of a Friedman Robertson-Walker （FRW） universe and assuming Tm = bTh, we are able to construct conditions for which the generalized second law holds in Gauss Bonnet and Lovelock gravities, where Tm and Th are the temperatures of the source and the horizon respectively.     

量子纠缠与宇宙学弗里德曼方程

量子纠缠作为量子信息理论中最核心的部分,代表量子态一种内在的特性,是微观物质的一种根本的性质,它是以非定域的形式存在于多子量子系统中的一种神奇的物理现象.熵也是量子信息理论的重要概念之一,纠缠熵作为量子信息的一个测度已经成为一种重要的理论工具,为物理学中的各类课题提供了新的研究方法.本文主要考虑量子纠缠的宇宙学应用,试图更好地从纠缠的角度来理解宇宙动力学.本文研究了量子信息理论的概念和宇宙学之间的深层联系,利用费米正则坐标和共形费米坐标构建了弗里德曼- 勒梅特-罗伯逊-沃尔克宇宙学弗里德曼方程和纠缠之间的联系.假设小测地球（a geodesic ball）的纠缠熵在给定体积下是最大的,可以从量子纠缠第一定律推导出弗里德曼方程.研究表明引力与量子纠缠之间存在着某种深刻的联系,这种联系对引力场方程的解是成立的.     

Constraints of gravitational baryo/leptogenesis on Cardassian expansion

In this paper, proceeding from the relation between the Cardassian model and the accelerated expansion of the universe, adopting a parametric method which does not depend on a precise mechanism for gravitational baryo/leptogenesis and using the model parameter of CPT-violating interaction, we study the role of the modified Friedmann equation which plays a role in the matter asymmetry of the early epoch and the accelerated expansion of the present universe. Thus the appropriate Cardassian component in the radiation-dominated era or in the matter-dominated universe can be obtained. The results indicate that early CPT-violation is included in the Cardassian term. In the same way, the present Cardassian term that belongs to a quintessence-like model can drive the universe towards a flat, matter-dominated and accelerating expansion.     

Reconstruction of New Holographic Chaplygin Gas Model with Viscosity

We investigate the interacting new holographic dark energy （HDE） with viscosity. Specifically, we not only study the dynamical evolutions of the new HDE with viscosity and the influences of viscosity as well as the coupling constant on the equation of state for the new HDE, but also establish the correspondence between the new HDE with viscosity and variable generalized Chaplygin gas （VGCG） models in the fiat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe. Furthermore, we also reconstruct the potential and the dynamics of VGCG as the scalar field. By analysis we show that for the new holographic Chaplygin gas model, if the related parameters to the potential satisfy some constraints, the accelerated expansion can be achieved. These research results can reduce to the ones without viscosity.