工科学校本科生科研训练与实践——以节能减排大赛为例

Scientific research training is an essential part of undergraduate learning, which plays an important role in improving students' knowledge utilization and scientific literacy. Taking the participation process of "Energy conservation and emission reduction competition" as an example, this paper briefly introduces the undergraduate scientific research training of students majoring in polymer materials and engineering from their own perspective, and the way to combine the discipline and school characteristics to reflect the thinking of engineering students in scientific research and practical application.     

通过脱碳控制全球平均温度

Establishing a reliable method to predict the global mean temperature (T_e) is of great importance because CO₂ reduction activities require political and global cooperation and significant financial resources. The current climate models all seem to predict that the earth's temperature will continue to increase, mainly based on the assumption that CO₂ emissions cannot be lowered significantly in the foreseeable future. Given the earth's multifactor climate system, attributing atmospheric CO₂ as the only cause for the observed temperature anomaly is most likely an oversimplification; the presence of water (H₂O) in the atmosphere should at least be considered. As such, T_e is determined by atmospheric water content controlled by solar activity, along with anthropogenic CO₂ activities. It is possible that the anthropogenic CO₂ activities can be reduced in the future. Based on temperature measurements and thermodynamic data, a new model for predicting T_e has been developed. Using this model, past, current, and future CO₂ and H₂O data can be analyzed and the associated T_e calculated. This new, esoteric approach is more accurate than various other models, but has not been reported in the open literature. According to this model, by 2050, T_e may increase to 15.5 ℃ under "business-as-usual" emissions. By applying a reasonable green technology activity scenario, T_e may be reduced to approximately 14.2 ℃. To achieve CO₂ reductions, the scenario described herein predicts a CO₂ reduction potential of 513 gigatons in 30 years. This proposed scenario includes various CO₂ reduction activities, carbon capturing technology, mineralization, and bio-char production; the most important CO₂ reductions by 2050 are expected to be achieved mainly in the electricity, agriculture, and transportation sectors. Other more aggressive and plausible drawdown scenarios have been analyzed as well, yielding CO₂ reduction potentials of 1051 and 1747 gigatons, respectively, in 30 years, but they may reduce global food production. It is emphasized that the causes and predictions of the global warming trend should be regarded as open scientific questions because several details concerning the physical processes associated with global warming remain uncertain. For example, the role of solar activities coupled with Milankovitch cycles are not yet fully understood. In addition, other factors, such as ocean CO₂ uptake and volcanic activity, may not be negligible.     

一种CO2的矿化封存新方法

针对目前CO2矿化封存的研究现状,提出了一种新的CO2矿化封存方法:利用CO2和NH3反应生成三聚氰酸固体,并考察了温度、压力、反应物配比及有无催化剂对三聚氰酸收率的影响。当反应条件为在250℃,22MPa,NH3与CO2反应配比为1∶1.4,反应8h时,最高收率可达到68.3%。此项技术能够与现在工业成熟的富氧燃烧技术联用,实现对CO2的永久性封存,具有经济效益。     

江西省产业绿色转型发展对策研究

金融危机的爆发宣告过去那种褐色、高碳增长、缺乏监管、放任自由的发展模式的结束.发展绿色新兴产业、实现绿色复苏、向绿色经济与低碳经济转型成为越来越多国家解决多重挑战的共识和争取双赢的选择.一场抢占发展制高点,围绕绿色发展的竞争已在全球展开.通过对江西省产业结构演变及产业内部结构进行分析,总结出江西省绿色转型所面临的问题,如重化工业占主导地位,产业技术落后,资源环境效率低和缺乏必要的政策措施等.利用环境学习曲线对江西省工业节能减排潜力进行分析,并对江西省单位产品能耗与全国平均水平和国际水平进行比较,发现江西省技术水平和发达地区还有很大差距,工业节能减排潜力巨大.在此基础上,最后提出了促进江西省产业绿色转型的政策建议.     

基于甲醇化学链燃烧的新型燃气轮机间冷循环

本文提出一种新颖的甲醇化学链燃烧动力循环系统.该系统利用空气压缩的间冷热提供甲醇和Fe2O3反应热,将间冷的低温热转换为高品位化学能;同时得到预冷的空气吸收燃烧产物Fe2O3的显热,降低了还原反应的温度.与常规化学链循环相比,该循环利用间冷的热量代替高温Fe2O3的显热提供还原反应的反应热,系统内能量品位匹配更加合理.根据图像(火用)分析方法,阐明了甲醇化学链燃烧过程(火用)损失减少和间冷热品位提升的机理.本文对新循环进行了分析,并以常规化学链循环为参照,研究了其性能.新循环的效率较高,同时可以实现CO2无能耗的分离.     

加强ADS 技术研究促进核能大规模可持续发展

 一、引言
1. 核能在低碳能源政策中的重要作用
2000 年,全世界60 亿人口消耗了100 亿吨标准煤;2006 年,65 亿人口消耗了117 亿吨标准煤。预计到2050 年,世界能源消耗将比2000 年增加一倍。为了应对世界能源消耗的快速增长和温室气体减排的巨大压力,保证能源供应的安全,许多国家和地区都提出了低碳能源政策。煤电及核电是24小时全天候供电的主要基础。核裂变能是重要的低碳能源,正在为全世界提供大约17%的电力。核能对温室气体减排的重要性不容置疑。
我国的核电事业正在进入快速发展期。核电发展的中期目标从原计划2020 年核电总装机容量达到4000 万千瓦增加到7000 万千瓦。根据对国家中长期能源发展形势和前景的分析,在中国工程院的咨询报告《2050 年我国的能源需求》中指出,我国的核电占一次能源总量的比重要求提高到2050 年的12.5%(占电力装机容量的20%)。     

江苏能源系统碳排放演化及控制分析

研究了江苏能源系统碳排放演化及其相关控制.基于一类新型节能减排混沌系统,借助神经网络(ANN),利用江苏省统计数据,得到满足实际情况的江苏省节能减排系统的相关参数.对系统进行演化分析,得到一些与实际符合的分析结果.结果表明:全面开展节能减排比单纯加大对节能减排的资金投入在控制碳排放、降低能源强度方面的效果更好.尽早全面开展节能减排,使得碳排放的峰值早些达到,实际系统越容易控制,越容易达到控制碳排放、降低能源强度的目标.对比分析了江苏省与全国节能减排情况,江苏省的能源强度略低于全国平均水平.利用数值仿真来展示这些结果.     

碳交易规制下的制造商减排外包模式选择:定制vs订购?

研究碳交易规制下制造商减排服务外包时供应链各成员的最优决策和绩效问题,对比分析了定制和订购两种减排模式下的供应链博弈均衡和供应链成员绩效。研究发现,在碳交易规制下,定制和订购两种减排合作模式下供应链成员均存在最优决策。在定制模式下,单位产品的初始排放量和制造商的减排成本系数提高一定会降低最优产量、单位产品减排量和减排服务价格,减排服务商的减排成本系数提高会降低最优产量和单位产品减排量,但不一定会降低减排服务价格;在订购模式下单位产品初始排放量、制造商和减排服务商的成本系数对企业决策的影响不一定如此。当需求函数满足均匀分布时,无论制造商和减排服务商的减排效率如何,订购模式对减排服务商更有利,定制模式对制造商更有利,但供应链系统总利润的高低与制造商的减排成本系数有关。     

基于减排成本共担期权契约的供应链协调

考虑消费者具有低碳产品偏好的情况,研究需求随机且受减排影响的期权契约,建立了由单个制造商和单个零售商组成的供应链模型。该模型中制造商处主导地位,零售商处追随地位,制造商首先提出期权契约,零售商购买期权。求解发现,由于传统双重边际化效应的存在,只有当零售价格等于期权执行价格时,才能达到供应链的协调,这时零售商利润为负,不满足参与约束。为此,从降低期权执行价格的角度,对期权契约进行补充,增加了成本共担条款。研究表明,减排成本共担的期权契约能够实现供应链的协调。最后利用算例验证了结论,计算了制造商和零售商利润及零售商分担的减排成本比例随期权价格和期权执行价格的变化情况,并对减排难度系数的敏感性做了分析。     

含时间延迟三维节能减排系统的动力学分析

考虑节能减排量,碳排放量和经济增长量之间的关系,以及时间延迟现象,建立含时间延迟的三维节能减排系统的微分方程模型,分析平衡点及其稳定性态,得到出现Hopf分支的条件.利用中心流形理论和规范性方法给出Hopf分支的性质.数值模拟验证了理论结果的有效性.