Antifeedant effects of mixed methylphenyl hexaorganoditin compounds of the type PhnMe6–nSnSn on larvae of Spodoptera littoralis and Epilachna varivestis

Compounds of the series Ph_nMe_6–nSn₂ were prepared and tested for their antifeedant effects against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) and Epilachna varivestis (Mulsant) larvae. In addition, phytotoxicity towards bean seedlings was measured. The most active compound against both Spodoptera and Epilachna was Ph₃Me₃Sn₂. The compound at 50 mg dm^?3 was comparatively innocuous in phytotoxicity tests against bean seedlings.     

In situ simultaneous determination the photolysis of multi-component PAHs adsorbed on the leaf surfaces of living Kandelia candel seedlings

A fiber-optic fluorimetry for in situ simultaneous determination of fluorine (Flu), phenanthrene (Phe) and fluoranthene (Fla) adsorbed on the leaf surfaces of Kandelia candel (Kc) seedlings was developed. Experimental results showed that the linear ranges for determination of Flu, Phe and Fla adsorbed on Kc leaves were 35-700, 5-900 and 2-450 ng/spot, respectively. The detection limits for Flu, Phe and Fla were 9.11, 1.65 and 0.90 ng/spot and with the relative standard deviations less than 10.32%, 7.56% and 4.29% (n = 9), respectively. The recovery results for Flu, Phe and Fla adsorbed on Kc leaves were 83.0-91.2, 78.5-88.5 and 91.5-107.3%, respectively. Under the laboratory experimental conditions, the photolysis processes of Flu, Phe and Fla individual and in mixtures adsorbed on the leaf surfaces of living Kc seedlings were studied. Results showed that the photolysis of Flu, Phe and Fla individual and in mixtures adsorbed on the leaf surfaces of Kc seedlings followed first-order kinetics with photolysis rates in the order of Flu > Fla > Phe on the Kc leaves. An antagonistic effect was found when the three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were co-adsorbed on living Kc seedlings. The experimental results also indicated that photolysis was the main transformation pathway for Flu, Phe and Fla both individual and in mixtures adsorbed on Kc leaves, whereas disappearance of the adsorbed Flu, Phe and Fla as a result of volatilization and leaf absorption could be negligible during the experimental period.     

Simultaneous Determination of Chromium Species in Water and Plant Samples at Trace Levels by Ion Chromatography–Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry

Ion chromatography–inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (IC–ICP-MS) was used for the identification and quantification of chromium species. Chromium(III) and chromium(VI) were separated and determined by IC–ICP-MS. The separation was achieved using an anion exchange column with 0.55?M HNO₃ as mobile phase. It was a particular goal of this work to exclusively use nitric acid for elution in order to reduce interferences in the ICP-MS system. Analytical figures of merit were calculated under the optimum conditions by developing calibration plots in a concentration range of 0.50–250?µg/L for both species. The detection limits for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were 0.09 and 0.03?µg/L, respectively. Spiked recovery tests were used to evaluate the applicability of the analytical method in environmental samples, and the recoveries ranged between 97 and 103% for both analytes. The accuracy of the method for total chromium content was validated through the analysis of a spring water-certified reference material (UME 1201), and the obtained results were in good agreement with the certified value. Lettuce seedlings were cultivated to evaluate the intake levels of these species. In addition, the bioaccessibility of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from the lettuce seedlings in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids media was examined.     

A practicable strategy for enrichment and separation of four minor flavonoids including two isomers from barley seedlings by macroporous resin column chromatography,medium‐pressure LC,and high‐speed countercurrent chromatography

Separation of minor compounds especially with similar polarities and structures from complex samples is a challenging work. In the present study, an efficient method was successfully established by macroporous resin column chromatography, medium‐pressure liquid chromatography, and high‐speed countercurrent chromatography for separation of four minor flavonoids from barley seedlings. Macroporous resin column chromatography and medium‐pressure liquid chromatography were used for enrichment of these four flavonoids. High‐pressure liquid chromatography analysis showed the total content of these four flavonoids increased from 2.2% in the crude extract to 95.3% in the medium‐pressure liquid chromatography fraction. It was indicated that the combination of macroporous resin column chromatography and medium‐pressure liquid chromatography could be a practicable strategy for enrichment of minor compounds from complex sample. Then, high‐speed countercurrent chromatography was employed for separation of these four flavonoids using ethyl acetate/n‐butanol/water (0.1% glacial acetic acid) (4:1:5, v/v/v) as solvent system. As a result, four flavonoids including two isomers with purities higher than 98% were obtained. Interestingly, two flavonoids existing in one high‐pressure liquid chromatography peak were also successfully separated. All these indicated high‐speed countercurrent chromatography had great potential for separation of compounds with similar structures and polarities. This study provides a reference for efficient enrichment and separation of minor compounds from complex sample.     

Physiological characteristics of tropical rain forest tree species: a basis for the development of silvicultural technology

The physiological characteristics of the dominant tree species in the tropical rain forest mainly belonging to dipterocarps as well as the environmental conditions especially for the light in the forest were studied to establish the silvicultural system for the forest regeneration in the tropical South Asia. The flowering patterns of the dipterocarp trees are usually irregular and unpredictable, which make difficult to collect sufficient seeds for raising the seedlings. The field survey revealed the diverged features of the so-called gregarious or simultaneous flowering of various species of this group. Appropriate conditions and methods for the storage of the seeds were established according to the detailed analyses of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the seeds such as the low temperature tolerance and the moisture contents. The intensity and spectra of the light in the forest primarily determine the growth and the morphological development of the seedlings under the canopy. Based on the measurements of the diffused light at the sites in the tropical forest in the varying sunlight, the parameters such as "the steady state of the diffuse light" and "the turning point" were defined, which were useful to evaluate the light conditions in the forest. To improve the survival of the transplanted seedlings, a planting method of "the bare-root seedlings", the seedlings easy to be handled by removal of all leaves, soil and pots, was developed. Its marked efficiency was proved with various dipterocarps and other tropical trees by the field trial in the practical scale. Tolerance of the various species to the extreme environmental conditions such as fires, acid soils and drought were examined by the experiments and the field survey, which revealed marked adaptability of Shorea roxburghii as a potential species for regeneration of the tropical forests.     

亚麻叶碱蓬适盐特性的初步研究

亚麻叶碱蓬生长在高含盐量的土壤上,幼苗死亡率很高,且这一过程存在时空异质性.研究发现:亚麻叶碱蓬幼苗在生长过程中,盐壳导致其大量死亡,而幼苗盐鞘的发育、生长的“时滞性”和急速生长现象可能有利于幼苗存活.本文对亚麻叶碱蓬幼苗生长期的叶自然饱和亏、肉质化程度、电解质渗透率和离子在植物体内的含量与分布、及其与土壤中离子含量的关系作了初步研究,以期发现植物适盐的方式和机制,为干旱区盐生植物的资源利用、盐渍化土地的改良提供理论和实践依据.     

基于光谱的春季育苗移栽期番茄苗健壮度量化检测

为了筛选影响春季育苗移栽期番茄穴盘苗健壮程度的关键指标,并实现其快速无损检测,测定了5项秧苗指标,经向量归一化预处理并采用独立性权系数法确定各指标权重,并根据权重结果挑选出包含信息较全面,影响较大的两个指标：叶绿素和干质量。两项指标所组成的简化秧苗评价值可以近似表示综合评价值,相关系数r为0.92,大大减少了品质检测所需的指标量,并可以很好的表征春季育苗移栽期番茄苗的健壮度。提取了各穴盘苗的可见-近红外光谱数据,经去噪和多元散射矫正（MSC）预处理,消除了由光散射等带来的光谱干扰信息,相较原始光谱信息更具可利用性。随后采用光谱-理化值共生距离（SPXY）算法对样本集进行划分,利用波段值和评价值两种变量同时计算样本间距离,以最大化表征样本分布,提高样本差异性和代表性。采用竞争性自适应重加权算法（CARS）和无信息变量消除连续投影算法（UVE-SPA）优选光谱特征波数,降低光谱数据维度,得到了更能体现光谱特征的简化光谱信息,减少了冗余信息对建立模型精准度和分析速度的影响。最后应用偏最小二乘支持向量机（LS-SVM）和基于U-Net模型改造的卷积神经网络(CNN),以预处理后的光谱数据和提取特征波长后的光谱数据分别作为模型的输入,建立了光谱数据与综合评价值的非线性映射模型,并进行对比选优。结果显示：应用UVE-SPA预处理方法筛选出的波段,光谱信息更加丰富有效;两种预处理后的优选波段所建模型回归效果整体优于全波段建立的模型;CNN模型的建模效果整体优于LS-SVM模型,且UVE-SPA-CNN模型对光谱数据和秧苗评价值的回归分析效果最好,其建模集和预测集的相关系数r分别为0.988和0.946,均方根误差RMSE分别为0.085和0.025,为直接利用光谱数据获取融合了多种因素的番茄秧苗评价值,从而判别秧苗健壮度提供了理论依据。     

Purification and Properties of the diamine oxidase of pea seedlings

Enzymes have been used extensively in many industries for the last 20 yrs. The purpose of this study was the isolation, purification, and specification of diamine oxidase (DAO) of pea seedlings. The relationship between enzyme activity and growth conditions has been investigated. DAO that was extracted from pea seedlings was purified by centrifugation, thermal denaturation, fractionation with ammonium sulfate, precipitation of inert components, column electrophoresis, and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. It was found that the final enzyme preparation is 400-fold purer than the original extract at the end of the purification steps. The molecular weight, isoelectric point, and copper content of the purified enzyme also were determined.     

黄化玉米幼苗类囊体膜稳态荧光光谱分析

为了阐明黄化植物光合作用的能量传递过程,对提取的黄化玉米幼苗类囊体膜运用稳态荧光光谱技术进行研究.用高斯解析对黑暗处理的黄化组（T）和对照组（CK）在436nm、473nm和507nm激发下的发射光谱进行分析.结果显示,黄化玉米幼苗类囊体膜中的光合能量传递路径发生了改变,进入PS II和PS I的能量进行了重新分配,同时荧光强度明显降低.     

Ionic‐liquid‐based ultrasound/microwave‐assisted extraction of 2,4‐dihydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐one and 6‐methoxy‐benzoxazolin‐2‐one from maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings

We evaluated an ionic‐liquid‐based ultrasound/microwave‐assisted extraction method for the extraction of 2,4‐dihydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐one and 6‐methoxy‐benzoxazolin‐2‐one from etiolated maize seedlings. We performed single‐factor and central composite rotatable design experiments to optimize the most important parameters influencing this technique. The best results were obtained using 1.00 M 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide as the extraction solvent, a 50°C extraction temperature, a 20:1 liquid/solid ratio (mL/g), a 21 min treatment time, 590 W microwave power, and 50 W fixed ultrasonic power. We performed a comparison between ionic‐liquid‐based ultrasound/microwave‐assisted extraction and conventional homogenized extraction. Extraction yields of 2,4‐dihydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐one and 6‐methoxy‐benzoxazolin‐2‐one by the ionic‐liquid‐based ultrasound/microwave‐assisted extraction method were 1.392 ± 0.051 and 0.205 ± 0.008 mg/g, respectively, which were correspondingly 1.46‐ and 1.32‐fold higher than those obtained by conventional homogenized extraction. All the results show that the ionic‐liquid‐based ultrasound/microwave‐assisted extraction method is therefore an efficient and credible method for the extraction of 2,4‐dihydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐one and 6‐methoxy‐benzoxazolin‐2‐one from maize seedlings.