A MODEL OF TROPICAL MARINE RESERVE‐FISHERY LINKAGES

ABSTRACT. The excessive and unsustainable exploitation of our marine resources has led to the promotion of marine reserves as a fisheries management tool. Marine reserves, areas in which fishing is restricted or prohibited, can offer opportunities for the recovery of exploited stock and fishery enhancement. In this paper we examine the contribution of fully protected tropical marine reserves to fishery enhancement by modeling marine reserve‐fishery linkages. The consequences of reserve establishment on the long‐run equilibrium fish biomass and fishery catch levels are evaluated. In contrast to earlier models this study highlights the roles of both adult (and juvenile) fish migration and larval dispersal between the reserve and fishing grounds by employing a spawner‐recruit model. Uniform larval dispersal, uniform larval retention and complete larval retention combined with zero, moderate and high fish migration scenarios are analyzed in turn. The numerical simulations are based on Mombasa Marine National Park, Kenya, a fully protected coral reef marine reserve comprising approximately 30% of former fishing grounds. Simulation results suggest that the establishment of a fully protected marine reserve will always lead to an increase in total fish biomass. If the fishery is moderately to heavily exploited, total fishery catch will be greater with the reserve in all scenarios of fish and larval movement. If the fishery faces low levels of exploitation, catches can be optimized without a reserve but with controlled fishing effort. With high fish migration from the reserve, catches are optimized with the reserve. The optimal area of the marine reserve depends on the exploitation rate in the neighboring fishing grounds. For example, if exploitation is maintained at 40%, the ‘optimal’ reserve size would be 10%. If the rate increases to 50%, then the reserve needs to be 30% of the management area in order to maximize catches. However, even in lower exploitation fisheries (below 40%), a small reserve (up to 20%) provides significantly higher gains in fish biomass than losses in catch. Marine reserves are a valuable fisheries management tool. To achieve maximum fishery benefits they should be complemented by fishing effort controls.     

Synthesis and biological activity of novel N‐benzoyl‐N‐tert‐butyl‐N′‐(β‐triphenylgermyl)propionylhydrazines

A series of new N‐benzoyl‐N‐tert‐butyl‐N′‐(β‐triphenylgermyl)propionylhydrazines were synthesized by the condensation reaction of β‐triphenylgermyl propanoic acid with N‐benzoyl‐N‐tert‐butylhydrazines in good yields by using N,N′‐dicyclohexylcorbodiimide as dehydrating agent. These title compounds were evaluated for molting hormone mimicking activity. The results of bioassay showed that the compounds exhibit moderate larvicidal activity, and toxicity assays indicated that the title compounds can induce a premature, abnormal and lethal larval molt. We found that the title compounds possess potential anticancer activities in vitro. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)稚鳖“白点病”的病原菌及其防治的研究

从患“白点病”的病鳖体中分离到四株菌,经人工感染试验,仅一株菌对健康稚鳖表现出较强的致病力。对该菌的形态特征、培养特性和生理、生化反应的鉴定认为：该病原菌是嗜水气单胞菌（Ａｅｒｏｍｏｎａｓｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｉｌａ）应用药敏纸片法研究了２０种化学疗剂对该病原菌的生长抑制作用,结果表明：环丙沙星、氟哌酸、庆大霉素、痢特灵等对病原菌具较强抑制作用,而复方新诺明、头孢拉定、呋喃妥因、麦迪霉素、氨苄青霉素等无抑菌作用．在此基础上进行了药物疗效试验。     

黑斑口虾蛄胚胎和幼体不同发育时期脂类及脂肪酸组成分析

通过生物化学成分测定,分析黑斑口虾蛄（Oratosquilla kempi）胚胎和幼体不同发育时期的水分、总脂和脂肪酸的组成及体积分数、质量分数变化．结果显示,黑斑口虾蛄在胚胎和幼体的发育过程中,水的体积分数先降低,至原肠胚期开始升高,到第二相幼体期达到最高,之后又有所回落;脂类占组织干重的比率呈升高趋势,但分别在膜内无节幼体、第二相幼体和仔虾蛄期略有降低;脂类占组织湿重的比率呈降低趋势;花生四烯酸、EPA和DHA的体积分数都呈降低趋势．在胚胎及幼体发育过程中脂类及不饱和脂肪酸是作为能量物质被消耗并且与其组织、器官的形成有密切关系．     

4种重金属离子对海水青鳉胚胎发育及仔鱼的急性毒性研究

为研究重金属对海洋生物的毒性影响及敏感性, 本文以海水模式鱼—–海水青鳉(Oryzias melastigma)为对象, 分析4种代表性海水重金属污染物铜、镉、铅、汞对其胚胎发育和仔鱼生长期的24h急性毒性. 结果显示: 海水青鳉发育阶段对4种重金属离子都很敏感, 且都产生明显毒性影响. Hg²⁺、Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺对海水青鳉胚胎发育期24h LC50最低值分别为2.34μg?L^-1 (I期)、0.72mg?L^-1 (IV期)、22.65μg?L^-1 (I期)、27.32μg?L-1 (I期), 对青鳉胚胎发育毒性大小的排序为Hg2+>Pb2+>Cd2+>Cu2+. Hg2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+对海水青鳉仔鱼期24h LC50最低值分别为0.018 mg?L^-1 (7日龄)、0.48mg?L^-1 (8日龄)、1.87mg?L^-1 (6日龄)、1.86mg?L^-1 (5日龄), 对青鳉仔鱼毒性大小的排序为Hg²⁺>Cu²⁺>Cd²⁺>Pb²⁺. 由此得出重金属对海水模式鱼的胚胎和仔鱼发育的敏感期, 并经实验得到其最低敏感浓度, 也为进一步开展海水重金属的生物监测提供了参考依据.     

牙鲆人工育苗和中间培育试验

1998年4月6日至7月17日在日本福井县栽培渔业中心进行了牙鲆人工育苗和中间培育试验.孵化后到平均全长33.3mm的育苗成活率为29.2%,中间培育(到平均全长70.0mm以上)的成活率分别为:A水槽81.5%和B水槽96.4%.     

2D-QSAR Using MLR and 3D-QSAR Using CoMSIA Studies on the Toxicity of Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Larval Sinonvaculina Constricta

Aromatic hydrocarbons,one of the persistent organic pollutants(POPs),has been usually found in mussels,accumulated for their hard mobility and activities in harbours and estuaries.In this study,based on the 96 hr-LC50 of 12 aromatic hydrocarbons with larval sinonvaculina constricta,three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship(3D-QSAR) technique:comparative molecular similarity indices analysis(CoMSIA) and 2D-QSAR technique:multiple linear regression(MLR) were described to obtain more detailed insight into the structure-activity relationships between the molecular structure and bio-activity.The results show the MLR model based on density functional theory(DFT) calculation carried out at the B3LYP/6-311** level with Gaussian 03 program yielded a very good correlation with a coefficient squared R2 of 0.716 and a cross-validated Q2 of 0.874.The dipole moment and enthalpy,as the thermodynamic parameters,were two important factors influencing pLC50.Correspondingly,CoMSIA based on the partial least-squares(PLS) methodology with steric,electrostatic,hydrophobic,H-bond donor and acceptor fields contributing simultaneously were employed and the values of R2 and the cross validation with leave-One-Out(LOO) Q2LOO were 0.585 and 0.990,respectively,which reveals the structure features,such as the electronegative substituent(nitro-group),hydrophobic groups(the benzene ring) and H-bond(nitro-group),related to the toxicity.The results of 2D-QSAR employing MLR model and 3D-QSAR employing CoMSIA model provide the useful information for predicting the toxicity of other aromatic hydrocarbons by comparing the molecular structures of similar compounds.     

三种重金属对鲤鱼幼鱼的毒性和积累

研究了铜、锌、镉三种重金属对鲤鱼幼鱼的毒性作用,以及铜和锌在鲤鱼幼鱼中的积累。结果表明三种重金属对鲤鱼幼鱼的毒性顺序为Cu>Cd>Zn,三种重金属对鲤鱼幼鱼的96h半致死浓度和安全浓度分别为Cu0.2mg/L,0.02mg/L;Zn7.05mg/L,0.7mg/L;Cd2.51mg/L,0.25mg/L。积累实验结果表明:铜和锌主要积累于鳃、肝脏和肾脏中,在肌肉和骨骼中有少量积累。积累程度随暴露时间的增加而增加,一定时间后达到动态平衡,随后有少量铜、锌转移或排出。