Herbicide and degradate flux in the Yazoo River Basin

During 1996-1997, water samples were collected from five sites in the Yazoo River Basin and analysed for 14 herbicides and nine degradates. These included acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, fluometuron, metolachlor, metribuzin, molinate, norflurazon, prometryn, propanil, propazine, simazine, trifluralin, three degradates of fluometuron, two degradates of atrazine, one degradate of cyanazine, norflurazon, prometryn, and propanil. Fluxes generally were higher in 1997 than in 1996 due to a greater rainfall in 1997 than 1996. Fluxes were much larger from streams in the alluvial plain (an area of very productive farmland) than from the Skuna River in the bluff hills (an area of small farms, pasture, and forest). Adding the flux of the atrazine degradates to the atrazine flux increased the total atrazine flux by an average of 14.5%. The fluometuron degradates added about 10% to the total fluometuron flux, and adding the norflurazon degradate flux to the norflurazon flux increased the flux by 82% in 1996 and by 171% in 1997.     

Effects of land use patterns on soil aggregate stability in Sichuan Basin, China

Soil aggregate stability as a key indicator of soil structure, is a product of interactions between soil environment, management practices, and land use patterns. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of various land use patterns on soil aggregate stability in Sichuan Basin of southwestern China. The dry- and water-stable aggregate size distributions were determined by manual dry sieving procedure and Yoder's wet sieving procedure, respectively, while microaggregates and its mechanical and chemical stabilities by Kachisky's method, oscillator method, and citrate-dithionate (C-D) reagent method, separately. The results indicated that fractal dimension and surface fractal dimension were useful indicators to reflect soil aggregate distribution. Land use patterns have an obvious influence on soil aggregate stability. In the study area, water stability, mechanical stability, and chemical stability followed the sequence, Barren landforestlandorchardcropland, and the original stability and collapse velocity were sensitive to soil properties and soil structure. The difference of aggregate stability under different land use patterns is mainly due to the intensity of human disturbance and cultivation. Improper land use patterns will lead to breakdown of unstable aggregates, producing finer and more-easily transportable particles and microaggregates. In the future, inappropriate cultivation and land use patterns should be changed to protect soil structure, to improve soil aggregate stability and soil fertility in Sichuan Basin.     

塔里木河生态用水调控定额初探

内陆干旱区水资源配置必须转变用水观念,把生态用水摆在优先地位。确保生态用水、维护流域生态安全,是塔里木河近期调水(输水)的基本原则。从优先保证生态用水出发,本文引入生态用水观念,从生态经济社会协调和全流程生态用水均衡目标出发,从定额人手,分析提出生态用水调控定额的总量控制、结构控制、空间控制、过程控制观点、思路。     

Prey-predator systems with intertwined basins of attraction

In this article, we show the existence of intertwined basins of attraction for a class of prey-predator systems, which improves the extant results by deleting some crucial and hard testing conditions.     

塔里木盆地植物区系的研究

塔里木盆地位于欧亚大陆腹地．该区自然环境独特，植被呈紧缩型分布．植物区系组成贫乏，种子植物１０５属１６５种。分隶３５科，多属于温带成分．特有成分比例较高．生活型以地面芽植物占优势，植被具有温带荒漠的特殊属性．本地区植物区系形成于第三纪．主要来源于华夏植物区系，是华夏植物区系向本地区发展，并在独特环境中蜕变的结果，其中有部分是从本地的荒漠环境中发展起来的．同时还存在古地中海及安哥拉区系成分．区系植物中既有第三纪的种，也有第四纪的种，即在第三纪形成荒漠植物区系，第四纪由于气候进一步变干燥，植物的耐旱适应又有新的发展．     

The effect of increasing the excitation level of the sodium atom on the structure of the NaArn polyatomic exciplexes

In this work, the geometrical structures, the formation energies, and electronic states of the Na(ms)Ar_n polyatomic exciplexes with m = 3-6 and n = 2-5 are studied by using a quantum-classical method. The interaction potential between an electronically excited sodium atom and argon atoms are calculated by using a one-electron model involving electron-Ar and electron-Na⁺ pseudopotentials, in which the Hamiltonian is diagonalized at every optimization step in the Basin Hopping algorithm. The relationship between the position of the electronically excited levels and the cluster geometry is investigated as a function of the excitation level and of the spatial extension of the excited electron orbital. We show that the equilibrium structures of the ground state Na(3s)Ar_n and those of the electronically excited states Na(4s)Ar_n, Na(5s)Ar_n, and Na(6s)Ar_n are significantly different. As a result of the detailed examination of the relationships between the geometrical structure and density distribution of the Na valence electron of the Na^∗Ar_n with n = 2-5 polyatomic exciplexes, we can see that for the Na(4s)Ar_n polyatomic exciplexes, the two extreme geometries, neutral Na(3s)Ar_n and ionic Na⁺Ar_n compete. It appears that none of them is the actual one. For Na(5s)Ar_n and Na(6s)Ar_n the valence electron is very weakly bound to the ionic core and described by a more diffused orbital so that the geometry and the formation energies of this excited state called Rydberg states converge towards those of the ionic cores.     

Global stability analysis of parametrically excited cylindrical shells through the evolution of basin boundaries

In the present study, the large-amplitude vibrations and stability of a perfect circular cylindrical shell subjected to axial harmonic excitation in the neighborhood of the lowest natural frequencies are investigated. Donnell's shallow shell theory is used and the shell spatial discretization is obtained by the Ritz method. An efficient low-dimensional model presented in previous publications is used to discretize the continuous system. The main purpose of this work is to discuss the use of basins of attraction as a measure of the reliability and safety of the structure. First, the nonlinear behavior of the conservative system is discussed and the basin structure and volume is understood from the topologic structure of the total energy and its evolution as a function of the system parameters. Then, the behavior of the forced oscillations of the harmonically excited shell is analyzed. First the stability boundaries in force control space are obtained and the bifurcation events connected with these boundaries are identified. Based on the bifurcation diagrams, the probability of parametric instability and escape are analyzed through the evolution and erosion of basin boundaries within a prescribed control volume defined by the manifolds. Usually, basin boundaries become fractal. This together with the presence of catastrophic subcritical bifurcations makes the shell very sensitive to initial conditions, uncertainties in system parameters, and initial imperfections. Results show that the analysis of the evolution of safe basins and the derivation of appropriate measures of their robustness is an essential step in the derivation of safe design procedures for multiwell systems.     

塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩热液蚀变类型及蚀变流体的分带特征

已探明塔里木盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩地层储量巨大。对塔里木盆地西北部柯坪-巴楚-阿图什一带的4块区域开展了系统的野外和重点观测工作,包括蓬莱坝剖面、柯坪水泥厂剖面、托普郎剖面等。本研究通过考察塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩热液溶蚀及相关现象。从野外产状、伴生关系以及矿物岩石学特征角度解剖奥陶系地层中热液矿物组合的地质特征。研究表明,该区域存在富镁流体、富氟流体和富硫流体3种流体,分别来源于封存卤水、火成活动和TSR热液。不同性质流体蚀变具有相似的分带性。