物理学咬文嚼字之三十九 Secular,equation

Secular equation,既是别称characteristic equation的久期方程,又是指行星运动的长期均差.西文中本来浑然一体的概念,在汉语语境中却似乎不搭边.     

Ultrafast Excited State Dynamics of t~rans-4-Aminoazobenzene Studied by Femtosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

The ultrafast excited state dynamics of trans-4-aminoazobenzene （trans-4-AAB） in ethanol was investigated by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. After being excited to the S2 state by 400 nm, trans-4-AAB decays from the S2 state to the hot S1 state by internal conversion with time constant of -70 fs. The photoisomerization through inversion mechanism on the S1 potential energy surface and the internal conversion from the S1 state to the hot So state are observed, respectively. The average timescale of these two decay pathways is -0.7 ps. And the vibrational cooling of the hot So state of cis- and trans-4- AAB occur with time constants of -4 and N13 ps, respectively. Furthermore, the ultrafast intersystem crossing process are also observed. The timescale of intersystem crossing from the S2 state to the T4 state is about 480 ps while from the S1 state to the T2 state is -180 ps.     

过渡态理论在化学体系中的2个应用实例*

在大学本科一二年级的物理化学教学中,化学动力学章节的学习涉及到对不同时间尺度的认识。本文利用过渡态理论得到的速率常数表达公式,以乙烷分子碳/碳单键旋转和水分子氢键交换的动力学过程为例,对这2个应用实例的动力学过程所发生的时间尺度做出估算。这些时间尺度的估算对于学生理解不同动力学过程的物理图像至关重要,同时也有助于加强学生对重要公式的理解并能够将这些公式在化学体系中灵活运用。     

时间尺度上二阶拟线性阻尼动力方程的振动性分析

研究二阶拟线性时滞阻尼动力方程[a(t)|x^Δ(t)|^λ-1x^Δ(t)]^Δ+b(t)|x^Δ(t)|^λ-1x^Δ(t)+p(t)|x(δ(t))|^λ-1x(δ(t))=0的振动性,其中t ₀∈T,而T为任意时间尺度,考虑方程是非正则情形,即$\int^{∞}_{t_0}$[a^-1(s)e_-b/a(s,t₀)]^1/λ Δs < ∞。 通过引入广义Riccati变换,借助时间尺度上的有关理论,并结合不等式技巧,建立了该方程振动的一些新的充分条件,推广、改进并丰富了现有文献中的结果。     

Multi-scale magnetic resonance measurements and validation of Discrete Element Model simulations

This short review describes the capabilities of magnetic resonance (MR) to image opaque single- and two-phase granular systems, such as rotating cylinders and gas-fluidized beds operated in different fluidization regimes. The unique capability of MR to not only image the solids’ distribution (voidage) but also the velocity of the particulate phase is clearly shown. It is demonstrated that MR can provide measurements over different length and time scales. With the MR equipment used for the studies summarized here, temporal and spatial scales range from sub-millisecond to hours and from a few hundred micrometres to a few centimetres, respectively. Besides providing crucial data required for an improved understanding of the underlying physics of granular flows, multi-scale MR measurements were also used to validate numerical simulations of granular systems. It is shown that predictions of time-averaged properties, such as voidage and velocity of the particulate phase, made using the Discrete Element Model agree very well with MR measurements.     

湍流预混火焰LES/FDF模拟中标量混合时间尺度建模

在实际应用中,精确模拟高湍流度预混火焰十分关键但极具挑战性。本文将被动标量混合时间尺度动态封闭方法与hybrid混合时间尺度模型结合,在湍流预混火焰LES/FDF模拟中提出一种新的标量混合时间尺度建模方法。该方法不需要人为选取混合模型参数C_M,且动态地考虑了由湍流和火焰结构分别引起的亚网格标量混合。对悉尼值班预混射流燃烧器高湍流度PM1-150火焰进行了LES/FDF模拟。结果表明,新模型显著改善了对整体燃烧进程的预测结果,正确地预测了局部熄火/再燃现象。进一步的结果显示,模型参数C_M明显大于在RANS框架下量级为1的常用取值,这表明该参数在不同框架下具有不同的物理内涵。     

太阳系起源时间的最早科学推算

 一些读者可能记得曾经有过这样的报导:大约一九八二年四、五月间,九大行星都运行到太阳一侧,而且几乎全集中到大约九十度的一个角度内。这当然是相当罕见的事件。但鉴于九大行星以不同的速度绕太阳运行,这种事件迟早会出现的。如果知道了九大行星的运行周期及它们目前的位置,可以预测多少年以后会有这样的事件发生。 值得注意的是,早在两千年以前,我们的祖先就进行过类似的推算,并据此来计算太阳系的起源时间。 在西汉中期,有一本叫作《命历序》的纬书出现。纬书是一种讲迷信的书。     

Micromechanical analysis of the behavior of stiff clay

Cementations formed in geological timescale are observed in various stiff clays.A micromechanical stress strain model is developed for modeling the effect of cementation on the deformation behavior of stiff clay.The proposed approach considers explicitly cementations at intercluster contacts,which is different from conventional model.The concept of inter-cluster bonding is introduced to account for an additional cohesion in shear sliding and a higher yield stress in normal compression.A damage law for inter-cluster bonding is proposed at cluster contacts for the debonding process during mechanical loading.The model is used to simulate numerous stress-path tests on Vallericca stiff clay.The applicability of the present model is evaluated through comparisons between the predicted and the measured results.In order to explain the stress-induced anisotropy arising from externally applied load,the evolution of local stresses and local strains at inter-cluster planes are discussed.     

黑洞的温度和熵变化是时间尺度变换的补偿效应

以史瓦西黑洞和Ｖａｉｄｙａ黑洞为例，研究了时间尺度变换的补偿效应．规范势就是仿射联络的缩并．黑洞的熵变化和Ｈａｗｋｉｎｇ温度都可看作补偿场的纯规范势 关键词：