海啸、地震海啸与海啸地震

简要地介绍了海啸与地震海啸的成因、特点,分析了影响地震海啸的重要因素,阐述了海啸预警的物理基础.以2004年12月26日苏门答腊-安达曼MW9.0特大地震及其激发的印度洋特大海啸为例,说明除了地震的大小、地震机制、震源深度以外,震源破裂过程也是影响地震激发海啸的重要因素.通过对苏门答腊-安达曼特大地震及2005年3月28日苏门答腊北部特大地震进行分析对比,探讨了海啸地震的特征,阐明了进一步深入研究海啸地震的特征及其激发海啸的机制对于预防和减轻海啸灾害的重要意义.     

由东南亚海啸引发的一堂物理课

印度洋海啸被认为是一次“全球性地球物理学事件”．通过对“海啸的物理学”的教学设计,利用从互联网收集的最新资料,结合学生的物理知识,对海啸中的物理现象作了计算和分析．     

Investigation of Coriolis effect on oceanic flows and its bifurcation via geophysical Korteweg–de Vries equation

In this work, we have investigated Coriolis effect on oceanic flows in the equatorial region with the help of geophysical Korteweg–de Vries equation (GKdVE). First, Lie symmetries and conservation laws for the GKdVE have been studied. Later, we implement finite element method for numerical simulations. Propagation of nonlinear solitary structures, their interaction and advancement of solitons can be seen in the results so produced. Additionally, Gaussian initial condition and undular bore initial condition are also investigated. Results so obtained have been found in perfect agreement with the available results. Bifurcation analysis of the oceanic traveling wave of the GKdVE is presented depending on traveling wave velocity and Coriolis parameter. It is discerned that velocity of the traveling wave and Coriolis parameter affect significantly on the propagation of the nonlinear waves.     

An efficient and flexible solver for the simulation of the morphodynamics of fast evolving flows on coarse sediment beaches

A well‐balanced total variation diminishing–McCormack scheme is used to simulate the fast evolving flow on a mobile coarse sediments bed. The scheme is chosen because of its shock capturing capabilities and its relative simplicity, which allow different sediment transport formulae to be slotted in easily. A typical example of the kind of flows treated here is bore‐driven wave run‐up. The analogy with a dam‐break on a mobile bed is used here to analyze the performance of the model. The model solves the nonlinear shallow water equations coupled with the Exner sediment balance equation for the mobile bed. Quasi‐analytical solutions to this problem for different expressions for instantaneous sediment discharge formulae are used to test the performance of the scheme. Together with the existing solution for the Grass formula, a further solution is obtained for a different formula. Numerical tests were also carried out for a further formula that is an industry standard. The agreement of the results with the solutions is very good and consistent results were obtained for all the formulae tested. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水下散体颗粒滑坡产生海啸波的实验研究

海底滑坡海啸作为仅次于地震海啸的重要海啸形态,常常发生于靠近海岸带的陆架和陆坡等区域,且由于其近岸灾害影响显著、物理机制复杂、难以监测和预警等特点,给靠近海岸带的居民造成了巨大的生命财产损失．关于水上滑坡海啸的实验研究相对比较充分,而对水下滑坡海啸和部分淹没滑坡海啸的研究则相对较少．本研究在大型波浪水槽中进行了斜坡上散体水下滑坡激发海啸的机理实验,研究了滑坡体的滑移距离、海啸波的形成过程以及海啸波的幅值、波速、非线性等特征,系统地认识了滑坡体质量、水深以及滑坡角度对滑坡海啸波高的影响规律,并提出了改进的水下滑坡海啸特征参数经验公式．     

Kinematic dynamo by large scale tsunami waves in open ocean

Kinematic dynamo problem is studied with tsunami motion in open oceans. Using long wave approximation, a series solution of the dynamo problem is established with fast convergent rate based on a small parameter relating water wave dispersive effects. Taking solitary wave and single wave as typical tsunami wave models, the magnitude of tsunami induced magnetic field is estimated at the order of 10 nano Tesla (nT) just over sea level and 1 nT at altitudes of several hundreds kilometers, respectively, depending on the wave parameters as well as earth magnetic field. The space and time behavior of the magnetic field predicted by present model shows fairly similarity with the field data at Easter Island during 2010 Chile tsunami.     

Evaluation of the effect of the 2011 Tsunami on coastal forests by means of multiple isotopic analyses of tree-rings

The March 2011 Mega-Tsunami in eastern Japan damaged at different degrees the black pine (Pinus thunbergii) forests along the coast. In order to evaluate the recovery of black pine four years later, tree-ring samples from 9 trees for the period 2002–2014 were analyzed for ring growth and stable isotopes (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O). The results showed that annual tree-ring width decreased approximately 70?% from the year 2011 to 2014 compared to the period previous to the tsunami (2002–2010). The multiple isotopic analyses showed that the reduction in growth was caused by soil salinity that prompted stomatal closure and an abrupt increase of tree-ring δ¹³C. Sea water deposition in the soil did not affect tree-ring δ¹⁸O values. Two years after the tsunami, decreasing tree-ring δ¹³C values caused by apparently photosynthetic recovery did not translate into radial tree-growth, indicating a possible shift in carbon allocation to foliage and mainly roots as a defense mechanism to sodium toxicity. The dual δ¹³C-δ¹⁸O model explains neither the limited growth nor the subsequent recovery in δ¹³C. Similarly tree-ring δ¹⁵N indicated that there was no difference in nitrogen availability before and after the tsunami, suggesting that nutrients were not a limitation but rather soil salinity.     

Dynamic action of a tsunami wave traveling along a channel

The results of experiments, in which the propagation of a tsunami-type wave along rectangular channels with horizontal and inclined bottoms, are presented. Emphasis is placed on the mechanical action of the wave on a vertical wall. The force is shown to be appreciably dependent on the shape of the leading front of the wave. Experimental data are obtained for both smooth and breaking waves, as well as for waves in different stages of the wave-breaking process.     

海啸的物理

地震海啸的产生是地球表面固体层和流体层相互作用的结果．文章介绍了这种相互作用的物理过程，讨论了海啸的大小、能量、传播速度．指出：建立早期预警系统是减少海啸灾害的重要措施，目前的预警系统虚报率很高的问题，仍需要通过加强地球表层系统相互作用的研究来解决．     

海沟内海底地震激发的表面波动

通过底面运动学边界条件引入底面运动影响,采用高阶Boussinesq方程计算了光滑海底变形引起的表面波动形态.对于线性问题,与线性势流波浪理论进行了比较,二者结果符合良好.运用高阶Boussinesq波浪模型,针对冲绳海沟的实际地形,模拟海沟内不同震级的海底地震激发的海啸,分析了不同强度地震引起的表面波扰动形态及其非线性和色散效应.