Chemical characterisation of a new estuarine pollutant (2,4-Dichloro-6-Nitrophenol) and assessment of the acute toxicity of its quinoid form for Artemia salina

It is known that the compound 2,4-dichloro-6-nitrophenol (2,4DC6NP) is formed upon nitration of 2,4-dichlorophenol, which in turn is a transformation intermediate of the herbicide dichlorprop. However, the chemical and spectroscopic characteristics of 2,4DC6NP, as well as its toxicity, are poorly known. This work shows that 2,4DC6NP behaves as a diprotic acid in aqueous solutions, with pK_a values of 3.0?±?0.9 and 4.9?±?0.5. At pH?<?3, 2,4DC6NP would undergo protonation. The absorption spectra suggest that anionic 2,4DC6NP, which prevails at pH?>?5 would have an ortho-quinoid structure that is responsible for the absorption peak centred at 428?nm. Considering that 2,4DC6NP has been detected in the brackish lagoons of the Rhône delta (southern France), where its levels are comparable to those of the parent herbicide, it is necessary to examine the possible effects of 2,4DC6NP on the species living in that environment. For this reason, the acute toxicity of the anionic form of 2,4DC6NP was assessed for the brine shrimp Artemia salina, a zooplankton species that lives both in brackish and in saline aquatic environments. The toxicity test yielded a LC₂₀ value of 8?±?2?mg?L^?1 and a LC₅₀ value of 18.7?±?0.8?mg?L^?1. Such values are safely higher than the maximum detected concentration of 2,4DC6NP in the Rhône delta lagoons. Further studies should be concentrated on the long-term effects of 2,4DC6NP, and in particular on its potential genotoxicity.     

一种新型的自适应入侵检测系统的研制

针对当前入侵监测系统存在的自适应能力较差、扩展性差的问题，基于面向混合类型数据的快速启发式聚类算法FHCAM和属性约束的模糊规则挖掘算法ACFMAR，提出了一种采用数据挖掘技术的自适应入侵检测系统DMAIDS．该系统通过划分聚类的方法划分出异常入侵记录；模糊关联规则的方法提取入侵模式．通过对1999年举行的数据挖掘大赛所使用的10%子集进行实验，结果表明该系统平均检测率和平均误检率比大赛获得冠军检测方法准确率提高了近2倍，检测率从数据子集1的65．25％自适应提高到数据子集9的85．7％能自适应的检测各种攻击，表明该系统具有很好的应用前景。     

基于激光雷达观测的大气边界层自动识别局部最优点算法

大气边界层高度是影响近地面大气物理运动的主要因素,同时也是影响地面污染物浓度的一个重要因素。地基激光雷达可以对大气气溶胶的垂直分布进行连续稳定的监测,应用激光雷达技术对大气边界层进行连续观测可以为环境监测与预报提供指导性的动态信息。针对存在残留层以及外来污染物输入情况时边界层高度变化检测的可靠性及计算效率问题,结合梯度法的物理意义与激光雷达时序图的图形图像学特征,提出了一种基于时空邻近度的边界层局部最优点识别算法。以江苏省无锡市新区偏振米散射激光雷达太湖观测站点的气溶胶垂直观测数据为例,通过对2012年底两次污染事件进行观测分析,分别使用梯度法和局部最优点法进行大气边界层高度的自动识别。实验结果表明,在静稳状态和污染混入后的情况下,梯度法与局部最优点识别法的结果较为接近,但梯度法在处理污染混入状态以及存在残留层的情况下误判率较高。基于时空邻近度的局部最优点算法通过对垂直特征值以及水平相关性的控制,有效地消除了在弱信号、噪声信号、低云以及存在残留层和外来污染等情况下导致的计算机误判现象,在减小算法时间复杂度的同时在计算机自动识别结果具有更高的稳定性,弥补了梯度法在自动化运行中的识别精度与计算效率的不足。     

Interaction between salinity intrusion and vegetation succession: A modeling approach

Predicting potential changes in groundwater salinity in low-lying coastal regions due to climate change is important, where coastal vegetation is abundant, succession competition between halophytes and glycophytes plays a significant role in the salinity budget. Sea level rise enhances salinity intrusion, contributing an additional dimension to vegetation competition. A new simulation model known as mangrove-hardwood hammock model coupled with saturated-unsaturated transport (MANTRA) has recently been developed by the authors to simulate groundwater salinity regimes in the presence of vegetation competition, subject to climate change. MANTRA is based upon linking two existing Unites States geological survey (USGS) simulation models known as mangrove-hardwood hammock model (MANHAM) and saturated-unsaturated transport (SUTRA). MANHAM simulates the evolution of vegetation succession subject to changing groundwater salinity. SUTRA simulates saturated and unsaturated transport of solutes and salinity in groundwater given sea salinity. MANTRA improves the simulation robustness to simultaneously simulate groundwater hydrology, salinity and coastal vegetation succession subject to sea level rise. Some simulation results will be presented to demonstrate the impact of sea level rise on coastal vegetation succession and groundwater salinity.     

Fabrication of uniform porous alumina materials by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering

Fabrication of porous materials with uniform pore size distribution remains a challenge. In this paper, a kind of uniform porous alumina material was fabricated on a template of polystyrene microspheres by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. Surface of samples was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the phase of porous materials was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The pore size distribution of samples was tested by mercury intrusion method.     

Simultaneous confidence and prediction bands in the certification of pressure-volume curves for the pore size analysis of solids by means of mercury porosimetry

The pore size analysis of solids is widely applied in chemical industries, materials engineering, ceramic production, environmental engineering, catalysis, chromatography, nanotechnology, and many other fields. In spite of several new methods used for determining the pore size distribution of meso- and macropores [see IUPAC Recommendations of 1994], mercury porosimetry has remained one of the most popular methods employed for the characterisation of porous materials. In this paper, a new way is described for the estimation of certified pressure-volume curves from experimental curves measured by different laboratories in connection with the certification of new reference materials for a comparatively low-pressure range of mercury intrusion (<2 MPa). Simultaneous confidence and prediction bands for the certified pressure-volume curves are constructed by bootstrapping.     

基于系统调用的实时IDS方案

给出一种基于进程系统调用的实时IDS方案.该方案选择网络服务进程(特权进程)作为系统的代表进行监测,使用隐马尔可夫模型(HMM)对系统行为进行模拟和测试,使用实时P(O|λ)值和近期对“某些重要文件”的读、写频率这两个条件作为判断系统是否遭受入侵的标准.实验和分析表明,该方案有较高的预报准确率和较小的时间开销.     

Modeling and Analysis of Seawater Intrusion in the Coastal Aquifer of Eastern Cap-Bon, Tunisia

A numerical model that treats density-dependent variably saturated flow and miscible salt transport is used to investigate the occurrence of seawater intrusion in the Korba aquifer of the eastern coast of Cap-Bon in northern Tunisia. We examine the interplay between pumping regimes and recharge scenarios and its effect on the saline water distribution. More localized simulations are used to examine, in vertical cross sections, the effects of well location and soil type and the role of the vadose zone in possible remediation actions. The exploratory simulations suggest interesting interactions between the unsaturated zone and the saltwater–freshwater interface with possible implications for groundwater exploitation from shallow unconfined coastal aquifers, involving in one case feedback between seawater intrusion and the high pressure head gradients around the pumping-induced drawdown cone and in another case threshold-like interface displacement for tight soils such as clays. The data processing steps undertaken in this GIS and modeling study are described in some detail, and a critical assessment is given of the data availability and of the requirements for successful monitoring and modeling of seawater intrusion risks in heavily exploited coastal aquifers such as those found in the semi-arid regions of the Mediterranean basin. It is shown how, with the aid of GIS, reasonably reliable information can be assembled from maps, surveys, and other sources of geospatial and hydrogeological data, an approach that is necessary in the many regions of the world with acute water resource problems but with limited means for undertaking systematic data acquisition and environmental monitoring actions. Nonetheless the need for more concerted monitoring of relevant parameters and processes and of closer coordination between monitoring and modeling is stressed. An idea of the extent of over-exploitation of the Korba aquifer is obtained by examining the pumping and rainfall/infiltration data, and the simulation results support groundwater pumping as the mechanism for and seawater intrusion as the origin of the salt contamination observed in the soils and subsurface waters of the Korba plain.     

Pore space network characterization with sub-voxel definition

Morphological measurements in 3D for pore space characterization (connectivity pore-body/throat classification, shape factors, virtual fluid intrusion) are based on computed intensive digital-thinning operations for skeletonization and medial axis extraction from 3D digital images. We present an alternative method that is measurably faster and allows sub-voxel definition of the pore space network. The method allows extracting—based on morphological considerations only—the centered and shortest stream-lines—i.e., the paths—to follow in order to go through the pore space from one given point to another and to exit. In addition the method penalizes long and narrow pore-throats in favor of short stubby/ones—i.e., it has a built-in exemplification capacity. It exploits well-established mathematical methods successfully applied in medical endoscopy.     

广饶县海(咸)水入侵灾害防治的水文地质环境研究

广饶县咸水入侵灾害的发生在于自然环境的脆弱性和社会经济环境的严峻性。本文分析了引起海(咸)水入侵的基本矛盾, 制定了防治咸水入侵灾害的对策和措施──水文地质环境调整方案。