土壤盐渍化的研究进展

根据近年来国内外土壤学者在土壤盐渍化的研究成果，从土壤盐渍化的基本理论，改良方法以及预测预报方面的研究，综述了土壤盐渍化的研究现状，通过分析土壤盐渍化研究多方面存在的问题，对其发展趋势和今后研究重点进行了展望，望能为进一步的深入研究工作提供帮助．     

The influence of free convection on soil salinization in arid regions

Evaporation of groundwater in a region with a shallow water table and small natural replenishment causes accumulation of salts near the ground surface. Water in the upper soil layer becomes denser than in the depth. This is a potentially unstable situation which may result in convective currents. When free convection takes place, estimates of the salinity profile, salt precipitation rate, etc., obtained within the framework of a 1-D (vertical) model fail.Very simplified model of the process is proposed, in which the unsaturated zone is represented by a horizontal soil layer at a constant water saturation, and temperature changes are neglected. The purpose of the model is to obtain a rough estimate of the role of natural convection in the salinization process.A linear stability analysis of a uniform vertical flow is given, and the stability limit is determined numerically as a function of evaporation rate, salt concentration in groundwater, and porous medium dispersivity. The loss of stability corresponds to quite realistic Rayleigh numbers. The stability limit depends in nonmonotonic way on the evaporation rate.The developed convective regime was simulated numerically for a 2-D vertical domain, using finite volume element discretization and FAS multigrid solver. The dependence of the average salt concentration in the upper layer on the Rayleigh number was obtained.List of Main Symbols horizontal wavenumber - _L , _T dispersivities (longitudinal and transversal) - D ^* diffusion coefficient (in a porous medium) - g acceleration of gravity - H thickness of the vadoze zone - k permeability - p pressure - Pe Péclet number - q mass flux - Ra Rayleigh number Greek _L , _T dimensionless dispersivities - coefficient of concentration expansion - coefficient of viscosity variation - volumetric fraction of the liquid phase - viscosity - density - stream function - mass fraction of salt in water Vectors and tensors D dispersion coefficient - e unit vector - I unit tensor - J nonadvective salt flux - V liquid phase velocity - x radius-vector     

Hydrogeochemical modeling for groundwater management in arid and semiarid regions using MODFLOW and MT3DMS: A case study of the Jeffara of Medenine coastal aquifer,South-Eastern Tunisia

The study of water quality and the quantification of reserves and their variations according to natural and anthropogenic forcing is necessary to establish an adequate management plan for groundwater resources. For this purpose, a modeling approach is a useful tool that allows, after calibration phase and verification of simulation, and under different scenarios of forcing and operational changes, to estimate and control the groundwater quantity and quality. The main objective of this study is to collect all available data in a model that simulates the Jeffara of Medenine coastal aquifer system functioning. To achieve this goal, a conceptual model was constructed based on previous studies and hydrogeological investigations. The regional groundwater numerical flow model for the Jeffara aquifer was developed using MODFLOW working under steady-state and transient conditions. Groundwater elevations measured from the piezometric wells distributed throughout the study area in 1973 were selected as the target water levels for steady state (head) model calibration. A transient simulation was undertaken for the 42 years from 1973 to 2015. The historical transient model calibration was satisfactory, consistent with the continuous piezometric decline in response to the increase in groundwater abstraction. The developed numerical model was used to study the system's behavior over the next 35 years under various constraints. Two scenarios for potential groundwater extraction for the period 2015–2050 are presented. The predictive simulations show the effect of the increase of the exploitation on the piezometric levels. To study the phenomenon of salinization, which is one of the most severe and widespread groundwater contamination problems, especially in coastal regions, a solute transport model has been constructed by using MT3DMS software coupled with the groundwater flow model. The best calibration results are obtained when the connection with the overlying superficial aquifer is considered suggesting that groundwater contamination originates from this aquifer. Recommendations for water resource managers

• The results of this study show that Groundwater resources of Jeffara of Medenine coastal aquifer in Tunisia are under immense pressure from multiple stresses.
• The water resources manager must consider the impact of economic and demographic development in groundwater management to avoid the intrusion of saline water.
• The results obtained presented some reference information that can serve as a basis for water resources planning.
• The model runs to provide information that managers can use to regulate and adequately control the Jeffara of Medenine water resources.

     

Integrated Hydrogeological,Hydrochemical, and Isotopic Assessment of Seawater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers in Al-Qatif Area,Eastern Saudi Arabia

Seawater intrusion (SWI) is the main threat to fresh groundwater (GW) resources in coastal regions worldwide. Early identification and delineation of such threats can help decision-makers plan for suitable management measures to protect water resources for coastal communities. This study assesses seawater intrusion (SWI) and GW salinization of the shallow and deep coastal aquifers in the Al-Qatif area, in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Field hydrogeological and hydrochemical investigations coupled with laboratory-based hydrochemical and isotopic analyses (¹⁸O and ²H) were used in this integrated study. Hydrochemical facies diagrams, ionic ratio diagrams, and spatial distribution maps of GW physical and chemical parameters (EC, TDS, Cl⁻, Br⁻), and seawater fraction (f_sw) were generated to depict the lateral extent of SWI. Hydrochemical facies diagrams were mainly used for GW salinization source identification. The results show that the shallow GW is of brackish and saline types with EC, TDS, Cl⁻, Br⁻ concentration, and an increasing f_sw trend seaward, indicating more influence of SWI on shallow GW wells located close to the shoreline. On the contrary, deep GW shows low f_sw and EC, TDS, Cl⁻, and Br⁻, indicating less influence of SWI on GW chemistry. Moreover, the shallow GW is enriched in ¹⁸O and ²H isotopes compared with the deep GW, which reveals mixing with recent water. In conclusion, the reduction in GW abstraction in the central part of the study area raised the average GW level by three meters. Therefore, to protect the deep GW from SWI and salinity pollution, it is recommended to implement such management practices in the entire region. In addition, continuous monitoring of deep GW is recommended to provide decision-makers with sufficient data to plan for the protection of coastal freshwater resources.     

吉林省西部典型盐渍化土壤偏振反射高光谱特征与模型研究

近年来,吉林省西部盐渍化土壤面积不断扩大,土壤质量退化日趋加剧,不但对该区域的土地资源造成了严重的破坏,而且对农业生产和生态环境构成巨大的威胁。该研究将遥感信息中的偏振信息和高光谱信息相结合,通过对吉林省西部盐渍化土壤光谱特征的获取,选择合适的波段,建立普适模型,并进行科学验证。研究表明,盐渍化土壤的偏振高光谱信息与其理化属性参数具有一定的相关关系,并具有规律性,这对盐渍化土壤表面反射机理研究、盐渍化土壤目标与背景的识别、分类,土壤偏振传感器的研制、偏振光遥感信息的利用以及定量遥感的发展均具有重大理论意义。     

实测高光谱和HSI影像的区域土壤盐渍化遥感监测研究

通过典型研究区不同盐渍化土壤光谱反射率数据的变换和分析,选择与土壤含盐量响应敏感波段,建立实测高光谱土壤含盐量反演模型,以校正HSI影像建立的土壤含盐量反演模型。结果表明：实测高光谱土壤含盐量反演模型与HSI影像土壤含盐量反演模型均有较好的精度,模型判定系数(R2)均高于0.57,且模型稳定性较好。校正后的HSI影像土壤含盐量反演模型,模型判定系数有了较大提高,R2从0.571提升至0.681,且通过了0.01的显著性水平,均方根误差(RMSE)值为0.277。模型能够较好地提高区域尺度条件下土壤盐渍化监测精度,运用此方法开展盐渍化土壤定量遥感监测是可行的。     

干旱区区域土壤盐渍化监测研究进展及其未来热点

土壤盐渍化是干旱区农业生产的重要障碍,威胁着绿洲生态环境的稳定。监测土壤盐渍化动态,掌握盐渍化土壤的分布规律,探索盐渍化的发生发展机理,总结土壤盐渍化的研究方法,对干旱区农业生产活动和生态安全稳定具有重要意义。盐渍化的发展变化不仅受到自然环境的强烈作用,同时也受到人类活动的深刻影响。随着人类活动的加剧,盐渍化问题日益突出,因此本文在中外关于土壤盐渍化研究的基础上,系统总结了我国干旱区区域土壤盐渍化监测的主要方法,为土壤盐渍化监测、预报和调控的方法与理论提供了补充,同时也提出了当前干旱区区域土壤盐渍化监测研究存在的问题,以及强调了今后面向区域农业生产迫切需要开展的四个领域的研究,为确保土地利用的可持续性,构建和谐的人地关系提供了决策参考。     

溶质迁移研究进展

溶质迁移研究已成为水文地质等领域的一个重要研究课题。综述了溶质迁移研究进展,重点介绍了溶质迁移在地下水污染与防治、土壤盐碱化防治、海水入侵和咸水入侵防治等方面的研究现状,并指出应进一步研究的问题。     

土壤次生盐渍化之水盐运动规律研究

针对土壤次生盐溃化问题,本文在分析土壤中盐分运移机理的基础上,结合“七场-相变-扩散模型”,建立了土壤盐分方程．设计了室内环境风洞土柱实验,对水盐运动规律进行了研究．从而为下一步的研究工作打下了基础。     

盐渍化土壤偏振高光谱信息与土壤线的关系初探

正确评价土壤盐渍化对地区农业生产与生态环境具有重要意义。土壤线对土壤盐渍化程度具有一定的指示作用,但在不同角度下观察获得的土壤光谱特征会发生变化,土壤线的参数值也会随之变化。依据以实验室测定的盐渍化土壤多角度偏振高光谱反射率,分析并确定土壤盐渍化程度与土壤线参数之间的关系,初步探求在偏振反射条件下土壤线最佳的获取方式。结果表明：(1)土壤光谱反射率随波段的增加逐步缓慢上升,趋于平缓。随着盐渍化程度的增强,土壤的光谱反射率先逐步降低至某一临界值后又逐步升高;(2)土壤的盐渍化程度与土壤线的斜率和截距均呈线性相关,随着盐渍化程度的增强,土壤线的斜率变小,截距变大;(3)探测天顶角影响偏振状态与土壤线参数的关系,当探测天顶角一定时,偏振状态与土壤线参数之间具有规律性。探测天顶角在0°-50°之间,随角度的变大,土壤线斜率变大,截距变小;(4)偏振状态影响土壤线参数与土壤盐渍化程度的相关性程度,初步确立偏振角度为90°,探测天顶角为25°状态下,建立的土壤盐渍化程度与土壤线参数关系模型较优。为定量反演土壤盐渍化程度提供新的途径。可以用于土壤的盐渍化程度评价。