On the retrograde condensation of one or two liquids

This contribution discusses the phenomena of retrograde condensation of one or two liquids. It w1 be shown that both phenomena can be well understood. Also the relation of retrograde condensation of one liquid phase with the condensation behavior of natural gas will be discussed. Similarly that of two liquid phases with multiple phase behavior occurring in low temperature reservoir fluids will be pointed out.     

Causality Implies Formal State Collapse

A physical theory of experiments carried out in a space-time region can accommodate a detector localized in another space-like separated region, in three, not necessarily exclusive, ways: (1) the detector formally collapses physical states across space-like separations, (2) the detector enables superluminal signals, and (3) the theory becomes logically inconsistent. If such a theory admits autonomous evolving states, the space-like collapse must be instantaneous. Time-like separation does not allow such conclusions. We also prove some simple results on structural stability: within the set of all possible theories, under a weak empirical topology, the set of all theories with superluminal signals and the set of all theories with retrograde signals are both open and dense.     

超声联合计算机在晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸治疗中的应用

本文探讨了常规超声、超声造影联合计算机辅助在内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)、经皮经肝穿刺胆道引流术(PTCD)与超声内镜引导下胆道引流术(EUS-BD)治疗晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸中的应用。选取54例晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸患者为研究对象,将其分为ERCP组、PTCD组、EUS-BD组,分析三组患者住院天数、近期并发症和肝脏功能指标等。结果显示:(1)三组患者手术后在治疗晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸效果显著(P<0.01);(2)与其他两组相比,EUS-BD组并发症和住院天数最少(P<0.05);(3)病理分析结果显示,ERCP组和EUS-BD组对导管伤害较少。总之,EUS-BD组患者采用常规超声联合计算机辅助技术,与ERCP组超声造影及PTCD组常规超声相比,更具备优势。     

高增益相对论速调管放大器相位特性的模拟与实验研究

为实现高功率微波的相干功率合成, 开展了S波段高增益相对论速调管放大器输出微波相位特性的粒子模拟和实验研究, 粒子模拟与实验结果均表明电子回流是影响输出微波相位特性的主要因素. 在有效控制电子回流的情况下, 实验实现输出微波相位抖动小于± 10°, 锁相时间达90 ns. 以此计算, 若相位抖动在± 10° 内满足均匀分布, 十台该高增益相对论速调管放大器的功率合成效率将大于99%.     

The Al-Zn-Ga Phase Diagram Part I

The Al-Zn-Ga ternary phase diagram was earlier established by thermodynamic modellization [1], but no experimental study appears to have been carried out on this system, except for measurements of mixing enthalpies in the liquid [2]. The present experimental study was carried out by thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction at various temperatures, using the isopletic cuts method. Four isopletic cuts were established and two others were partly studied in the Al-rich corner of the diagram. On these cuts, two isobaric ternary invariant reactions were determined: a eutectic reaction at 23±1°C, and a metatectic reaction at 123±1°C. Evidence was found for the existence of a retrograde miscibility of Ga in a solid solution α′_SS which protrudes into the ternary system starting from the Al-Zn binary up to a Ga concentration of about 30%^*. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Cellular and Chemical Biology of Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery—The GL–Lect Hypothesis

Lipid membranes are common to all forms of life. While being stable barriers that delimitate the cell as the fundamental organismal unit, biological membranes are highly dynamic by allowing for lateral diffusion, transbilayer passage via selective channels, and in eukaryotic cells for endocytic uptake through the formation of membrane bound vesicular or tubular carriers. Two of the most abundant fundamental fabrics of membranes—lipids and complex sugars—are produced through elaborate chains of biosynthetic enzymes, which makes it difficult to study them by conventional reverse genetics. This review illustrates how organic synthesis provides access to uncharted areas of membrane glycobiology research and its application to biomedicine. For this Special Issue on Chemical Biology Research in France, focus will be placed on synthetic approaches (i) to study endocytic functions of glycosylated proteins and lipids according to the GlycoLipid–Lectin (GL–Lect) hypothesis, notably that of Shiga toxin; (ii) to mechanistically dissect its endocytosis and intracellular trafficking with small molecule; and (iii) to devise intracellular delivery strategies for immunotherapy and tumor targeting. It will be pointed out how the chemical biologist’s view on lipids, sugars, and proteins synergizes with biophysics and modeling to “look” into the membrane for atomistic scale insights on molecular rearrangements that drive the biogenesis of endocytic carriers in processes of clathrin-independent endocytosis.     

行星的视运动与圆外旋轮线

用简化模型（行得在同一平面内绕太阳作匀速圆周运动）分析了行星相对于地球的运动（视运动）。给出了视运动的运动方程，证明了行星视运动的轨迹与圆外旋轮线，讨论了行星的顺向运动与逆向运动，给出了关于水星、金星、火星、土星、木星的数值结果。     

Control of synaptic function by endocannabinoid-mediated retrograde signaling

Since the first reports in 2001, great advances have been made towards the understanding of endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic modulation. Electrophysiological studies have revealed that one of the two major endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), is produced from membrane lipids upon postsynaptic Ca²⁺ elevation and/or activation of G_q/11-coupled receptors, and released from postsynaptic neurons. The released 2-AG then acts retrogradely onto presynaptic cannabinoid CB₁ receptors and induces suppression of neurotransmitter release either transiently or persistently. These forms of 2-AG-mediated retrograde synaptic modulation are functional throughout the brain. The other major endocannabinoid, anandamide, mediates a certain form of endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression (LTD). Anandamide also functions as an agonist for transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor type 1 (TRPV1) and mediates endocannabinoid-independent and TRPV1-dependent forms of LTD. It has also been demonstrated that the endocannabinoid system itself is plastic, which can be either up- or down-regulated by experimental or environmental conditions. In this review, I will make an overview of the mechanisms underlying endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic modulation.