基于虚拟仪器的简易声源追踪系统设计

为了在大型粮仓中局部出现害虫鸟类时可以快速找出其位置,解决目前声源定位设备成本高、计算量大实时性差的问题,对波达声差（TDOA）定位技术和互相关时延算法进行研究,提出一种改进了广义互相关时延估计算法,设计实现一种基于虚拟仪器的简易声源追踪系统根据害虫害鼠发出声音进行位置追踪进行粮仓管理。详细介绍了系统软硬件设计实现,系统可以实现参数设置、声源坐标的实时获取、文件存储、三维动态和数值显示等功能。实验结果显示,该系统具有实时性好、精度高、计算量小、工作稳定等特点。     

传声器阵列声压级在线校准*

在户外环境中对某一目标噪声源进行声压级测量时,由于单个传声器不能在多声源干扰情况下有效监测目标信号,为了有效抑制非目标信号的干扰,通常利用传声器阵列进行波束形成从而对目标信号进行增强。MEMS传声器阵列由于体积小,价格低等优点而得到广泛使用,为了解决在户外进行噪声监测时,MEMS然而MEMS传声器阵列器件的工艺误差和灵敏度退化问题会导致波束形成滤波器的性能下降存在由器件工艺误差和老化所导致的声压级测量不准确问题,从而影响声压级的测量结果。为了解决这一问题,本文介绍了一种通过比较补偿参考传声器与传声器阵列之间的测量声压级之偏差进行从而实时在线校准的方法。该方法利用TDOA多声源定位方法在时频点上对实时采集的信号对所采集的信号在时频点上挑选有效目标信号进行有效挑选,并利用参考传声器的标准频响特性去修正阵列的声压级测量误差值。为了验证方法的可行性,本文通过实验比较了不同环境噪声干扰下的测量声压级差与无干扰条件下的测量声压级差的一致性,结果证明该校准方法在具有较好高的精确性和鲁棒性,并且可推广于任意一种阵型的传声器阵列声源定位装置噪声监测装置。     

Ultra-Low-Power,High-Accuracy 434 MHz Indoor Positioning System for Smart Homes Leveraging Machine Learning Models

Global navigation satellite systems have been used for reliable location-based services in outdoor environments. However, satellite-based systems are not suitable for indoor positioning due to low signal power inside buildings and low accuracy of 5 m. Future smart homes demand low-cost, high-accuracy and low-power indoor positioning systems that can provide accuracy of less than 5 m and enable battery operation for mobility and long-term use. We propose and implement an intelligent, highly accurate and low-power indoor positioning system for smart homes leveraging Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) model using information-theoretic gain based on reduction in differential entropy. The system is based on Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) and uses ultra-low-power radio transceivers working at 434 MHz. The system has been deployed and tested using indoor measurements for two-dimensional (2D) positioning. In addition, the proposed system provides dual functionality with the same wireless links used for receiving telemetry data, with configurable data rates of up to 600 Kbauds. The implemented system integrates the time difference pulses obtained from the differential circuitry to determine the radio frequency (RF) transmitter node positions. The implemented system provides a high positioning accuracy of 0.68 m and 1.08 m for outdoor and indoor localization, respectively, when using GPR machine learning models, and provides telemetry data reception of 250 Kbauds. The system enables low-power battery operation with consumption of <200 mW power with ultra-low-power CC1101 radio transceivers and additional circuits with a differential amplifier. The proposed system provides low-cost, low-power and high-accuracy indoor localization and is an essential element of public well-being in future smart homes.     

Optimization of receiver arrangements for passive emitter localization methods

Passive localization of an object from its emission can be based on time difference of arrival or phase shift measurements for different receiver groups in sensor arrays. The accuracy of the localization primarily depends on accurate time and/or phase measurements. The frequency of the emission and the number and arrangement of the receivers mainly effect the resolution of the emitter localization. In this paper optimal receiver positions for passive localization methods are proposed, resulting in a maximal resolution for the emitter location estimate. The optimization is done by analyzing the uncertainty of the emitted signal, including its frequency. The technique has been developed specifically for ultrasound signals obtained from omnidirectional transducers, although the results apply for other application using passive localization techniques.     

低轨双星无源定位算法及定位精度分析

针对空间电子侦察卫星对地面固定辐射源进行无源定位的问题，研究并提出了一种通过低轨双星联合利用到达时间差（TDOA）和到达频率差（FDOA）无源定位的解析计算方法。通过公式推导和替换，该算法将原本复杂的时差、频差定位方程组化简为简单的6次实系数多项式方程，极大地降低了原方程组的计算复杂度。文章还推导了目标的定位误差几何稀度（GDOP）与时差测量精度、频差测量精度的关系。仿真结果表明，当参数测量的精度很高时，该算法能够准确地对地面目标定位；对比GDOP与参数测量精度的关系还发现，测频误差对低轨双星定位误差的影响较大。     

低轨四星时差定位技术研究

文章重点分析影响低轨四星时差定位系统精度的主要因素;首先,从四星时差定位的基本原理出发,对四星时差定位的模型和几何精度因子进行了详细的推导,并通过仿真分析了四星构型、时差测量精度、卫星位置误差、基线长度、星座投影面积等对四星时差定位系统精度的影响;通过比较可知,在相同参数条件下,采用Y形构形,减小时差测量误差、提高卫星定位精度、增加基线长度,增大星座投影面积均等均能够提高该系统的定位精度;在低轨四星定位系统应用场景中,四星构型、卫星绝对位置测量精度、基线长度以及星座投影面积对四星时差定位系统精度影响较大,时差测量精度和卫星相对位置测量精度对四星时差定位系统精度影响较小;而在实际任务中应权衡各因素的效费比,来保证定位精度。     

十字阵短时宽带声源实时定向算法

面向短时宽带声源实时定向问题,提出了一种基于互功率谱时延估计的十字阵定向优化算法。针对该方法估计结果离散且呈不均匀分布的特点,将观测平面划分为四个测量区域,并利用不同阵元组合分别处理,解决实时性与估计成功率的矛盾;依据互相关函数的特点,设计了若干判断准则,排除由于数据取样短造成的异常时延估计,改善算法的可靠性;采用频域插值方法,一定程度上提高时延估计精度,从而提高定向精度。MATLAB仿真和DSP系统实验表明,这种方法在实际应用中有效提高了对短时宽带声源定向的性能。     

利用声音反射信号重建室内空间结构的研究*

利用声音反射信号重建室内空间结构,实现声源室内定位和室内建图,越来越受到业界的重视。本文针对现有基于image模型重构室内空间结构的方法得到的结果误差较大的问题,提出一种利用声音信号到达时间差TDOA（Time Difference of Arrival）最小二乘误差的方法来提取一阶反射信号,利用一阶反射信号到达时间实现对墙壁、天花板、地板等室内主要反射面位置的探测,可以实现在收发无法精准同步状态下空间结构的重建。实测结果表明,在2.3 m宽*2.37 m高的走廊中得到的建图结果平均误差为0.05 m,该方法能够满足对空间结构的重建的要求,为辅助室内声源定位和室内建图提供一种更加实用的解决方案。