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排序方式: 共有981条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
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Anne Buschmann Ute Ziegler Martin H. Groschup 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2004,9(4-5):191-197
The accumulation of pathological prion protein is used as a diagnostic marker for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. According to European Union (EU) regulations cattle older than 30 months of age (Germany, France, Italy, and Spain by national law >24 months) and slaughtered for human consumption must be tested by using rapid tests for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Likewise fallen stock and clinically affected animals must be tested. This article gives a short overview of the incidence of BSE in Europe. The diagnostic hierarchy, i.e., the officially approved methodology for the confirmation of suspect rapid test cases, and the organization of the numerous laboratories involved in this large-scale testing for BSE are described. Special emphasis is given to necessary quality control measures currently in place for BSE rapid testing laboratories and to measures intended to assure a consistent performance of the commercially available rapid test kits.Presented at BERM-9—Ninth International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials, 15–19 June 2003, Berlin, Germany. 相似文献
4.
The micro element content of food is an important quality index due to the action of these elements on human health. In this
article, we discuss how to ensure the reliability of analytical data on micro elements in order to truly represent the condition
of food. Sampling, treatment of the analytical sample, selection of the analytical method, standard solution, and certified
reference material, blank test, calibration of the instrument and equipment, application of the quality control chart, assessment
of the final analytical result, and quality assurance system are briefly described.
Received: 5 July 2001 Accepted: 19 November 2001 相似文献
5.
High quality factor of dynamic structures at micro and nano scale is exploited in various applications of micro electro-mechanical
systems (MEMS) and nano electro-mechanical system. The quality factor of such devices can be very high in vacuum. However,
when vacuum is not desirable or not possible, the tiny structures must vibrate in air or some other gas at pressure levels
that may vary from atmospheric to low vacuum. The interaction of the surrounding fluid with the vibrating structure leads
to dissipation, thus bringing down the quality factor. Depending on the ambient fluid pressure or the gap between the vibrating
and the fixed structure, the fluid motion can range from continuum flow to molecular flow giving a wide range of dissipation.
The relevant fluid flow characteristics are determined by the Knudsen number which is the ratio of the mean free path of the
gas molecule to the characteristic flow length of the device. This number is very small for continuum flow and reasonably
big for molecular flow. In this paper, we study the effect of fluid pressure on the quality factor by carrying out experiments
on a MEMS device that consists of a double gimbaled torsional resonator. Such devices are commonly used in optical cross-connects
and switches. We only vary fluid pressure to make the Knudsen number go through the entire range of continuum flow, slip flow,
transition flow, and molecular flow. We experimentally determine the quality factor of the torsional resonator at different
air pressures ranging from 760 Torr to 0.001 Torr. The variation of this pressure over six orders of magnitude ensures required
rarefaction to range over all flow conditions. Finally, we get the variation of quality factor with pressure. The result indicates
that the quality factor, Q, follows a power law, Q ∝P
–r
, with different values of the exponent r in different flow regimes. In the second part of the paper, we propose the use of effective viscosity for considering velocity
slip conditions in solving Navier–Stokes equation numerically. This concept is validated with analytical results for a simple
case and then compared with the experimental results presented in this paper. The study shows that the effective viscosity
concept can be used effectively even for the molecular regime if the air-gap to length ratio is sufficiently small (h
0/L<0.01). As this ratio increases, the range of validity decreases. 相似文献
6.
Solveig Linko 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2002,7(2):55-59
Internal audits inherently effect quality improvement, and concrete results can be expected by careful planning. As audits
should improve the quality system in situ, the development of audits should not be neglected. ISO/IEC 17025 describes the
objectives of internal audits and management reviews in more detail compared to the former standards EN 45001 and ISO/IEC
Guide 25, although the main features are unchanged. This addresses continuous surveillance of the current practice. A brief
questionnaire on vertical audits was distributed to 74 of 120 employees at a Finnish private medical laboratory, Medix Laboratories
Ltd. A positive feed-back was received from the current management of audits. However, the study revealed that continuous
supervision of audits is needed. Many employees were not willing to perform audits if they had no previous experience. Additionally,
audits performed at the workbench were not considered as the best possible for fruitful discussions.
Received: 20 February 2001 Accepted: 30 November 2001 相似文献
7.
A five-step model for a quality assurance system is developed for an internal quality control check. It includes the quality
control of the decomposition method and the detection method as steps belonging together. The Wickbold combustion technique
as decomposition method in combination with atomic absorption spectrometry was chosen. The vaporization of the elements mercury,
arsenic, lead, antimony and selenium is based on combustion in an oxyhydrogen flame. To check the efficiency of the analytical
system, the uncertainty of results was calculated on the basis of the "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement".
Received: 13 January 1997 · Accepted: 29 March 1997 相似文献
8.
Reliable, traceable and comparable measurements provide the rational basis for evaluation of the quality of a result and
the starting point for recognized laboratory accreditation in any national area. Modern medical diagnostics and treatment
involve rapidly rising numbers and types of clinical laboratory measurements, that are reliable. Therefore, the basic principles
to be followed to assure the traceability of clinical measurements as required by the Romanian Laws of Metrology are reviewed.
Main sources affecting the quality of the unbroken chain of calibrations that relate the measurements back to appropriate
measurement standards are discussed. Examples of how to achieve traceable measurements in clinical laboratories are presented.
Details of specific uses of reference materials, measuring instruments and standard measurement methods are also discussed.
Received: 8 January 1998 · Accepted: 21 April 1998 相似文献
9.
S. Küppers 《Accreditation and quality assurance》1997,2(1):30-35
Any analytical data is used to provide information about a sample. The "possible error" of the measurement can be of extreme
importance in order to have complete information. The measurement uncertainty concept is a way to achieve quantitative information
about this "possible error" using an estimation procedure. On the basis of the analytical result, the chemist makes a decision
on the next step of the development process. If the uncertainty is unknown, the information is not complete; therefore this
decision might be impossible. The major problem for the in-process control (IPC) procedure is that not only the repeatability
but also the intermediate precision (which expresses the variations within laboratories related to different days, different
analysts, different equipment, etc.) has to be good enough to make a decision. Unfortunately, the statistical information
achieved from one single analytical run only gives information about the repeatability. This paper shows that the estimation
of the measurement uncertainty for IPC is a way to solve the problem and gives the necessary information about the quality
of the procedure. An example demonstrates that an estimate of uncertainty based on the standard deviations of an analytical
method gives a value similar to one based on the standard deviations obtained from a control chart. Therefore, the estimation
is both a very useful and also a very cost-effective tool. Though measurement uncertainty cannot replace validation in general,
it is a viable alternative to validation for all methods that will never be used routinely.
Received: 24 May 1996 Accepted: 10 August 1996 相似文献
10.
Margaret M. Robins S. Jane Scarll Pauline E. Key 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2006,11(5):214-223
During the last decade, it has become increasingly important that researchers demonstrate that research is conducted to the highest standards. The implementation of quality assurance for research laboratories will enable all fields of research and development to be judged impartially. There are no specific standards for research laboratories but where possible, existing standards can be adapted. This review is structured around two approaches. The first considers research to be a logical extension of testing, and it is assumed that testing standards can be applied methodically to each step in a research project. The second advocates a flexible approach, with research-specific criteria for assessing quality. The important papers published on this topic have been reviewed. The conclusions are that the general quality management approach, encompassed by the ISO 9000 series of standards with the emphasis on customer satisfaction and ‘fitness for purpose’, is suitable for implementing quality assurance in research laboratories. 相似文献