土体震陷变形试验研究

地震作用诱发的场地土震陷问题引起了人们广泛关注. 以阜新地区风积土为研究对象,进行了50年超越概率2% 和10% 的地震载荷及等幅正弦载荷作用下风积土的震陷试验,探讨了振动次数、动应力幅值和含水量对风积土震陷系数的影响规律,建立了风积土震陷系数经验公式. 依据分层总和法估算了2 条地震载荷和等幅正弦载荷作用下风积土场地震陷量,并对场地风积土的震陷性进行了评价. 以上研究成果将为阜新地区风积土地基的抗震防震设计提供参考依据,具有重要的工程应用价值.     

基于热红外光谱和微波反演地表温度的研究进展

地表温度(LST)是研究地表和大气之间辐射和能量交换以及区域和全球尺度地表物理过程的重要参数。卫星遥感技术在生态环境、水文、气象、地震、军事的应用研究,以及气候模式的辐射过程描述都需要获得准确的LST。光谱中的红外和微波对于探测LST发挥重要作用。文章综合分析了热红外波谱和微波遥感反演LST的研究进展,包括:利用热红外辐射温度表探测LST的方法,晴空条件下星载传感器的红外通道反演LST的单窗、分裂窗等反演方法,单通道和多通道算法,组分温度的反演方法,单通道多角度法和多通道多角度法,以及地表发射率ε特性研究等。微波可以全天候探测地表,文章分析了被动微波波段遥感反演LST的方法。并对这些方法的优缺点、适用性及应用前景进行了评述。     

Recent Decrease in the Lead Concentration of Antarctic Snow

Abstract

Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (DPASV) was applied to determine the lead concentration in recent snow at two sites in the Victoria Land region, East Antarctica. Snow samples were collected during the 6th Italian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica (austral Summer 1990–91) along the wall of 2.5 m-deep hand-dug pits and by coring to a depth of about 11 m. The measurements revealed that lead content in Antarctic snow increased continuously from 1965 (about 3 pg/g) to the early 1980s (maximum about 8 pg/g), after which a marked, rapid decrease took place during the second half of 1980s, down to 2–4 pg/g in 1991. Estimates of the lead contributions from rocks and soils, volcanoes and the marine environment, together with analysis of statistical data on non-ferrous metal production and gasoline consumption, and the corresponding lead emissions into the atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere, show that a net anthropogenic component is present and support the hypothesis that the trend observed in Antarctic snow may be related to lead consumption in gasoline, which firstly was on the rise, then declined owing to the increased use of unleaded gasoline.     

Effects of land use patterns on soil aggregate stability in Sichuan Basin, China

Soil aggregate stability as a key indicator of soil structure, is a product of interactions between soil environment, management practices, and land use patterns. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of various land use patterns on soil aggregate stability in Sichuan Basin of southwestern China. The dry- and water-stable aggregate size distributions were determined by manual dry sieving procedure and Yoder's wet sieving procedure, respectively, while microaggregates and its mechanical and chemical stabilities by Kachisky's method, oscillator method, and citrate-dithionate (C-D) reagent method, separately. The results indicated that fractal dimension and surface fractal dimension were useful indicators to reflect soil aggregate distribution. Land use patterns have an obvious influence on soil aggregate stability. In the study area, water stability, mechanical stability, and chemical stability followed the sequence, Barren landforestlandorchardcropland, and the original stability and collapse velocity were sensitive to soil properties and soil structure. The difference of aggregate stability under different land use patterns is mainly due to the intensity of human disturbance and cultivation. Improper land use patterns will lead to breakdown of unstable aggregates, producing finer and more-easily transportable particles and microaggregates. In the future, inappropriate cultivation and land use patterns should be changed to protect soil structure, to improve soil aggregate stability and soil fertility in Sichuan Basin.     

盐碱地利用障碍因子高光谱遥感反演研究

选取陕北拌沙改良盐碱地为研究对象,对盐碱地利用障碍因子进行高光谱遥感反演研究。通过实测研究区域的作物长势,采集土壤样品和土壤高光谱数据,并实验测定土壤理化性质分析盐碱地利用的障碍因子,研究盐碱地利用障碍因子的高光谱特征,建立其遥感定量反演模型,并进行精度检验。研究结果表明：土壤盐分含量是制约改良盐碱地利用的主要障碍因子,毛管孔隙度与土壤盐分含量具有良好相关性,也可以作为障碍因子之一;利用土壤的高光谱数据对土壤全盐含量及毛管孔隙度进行遥感定量反演具有良好的精度(回归分析决定系数R2分别为0.938和0.973);检验样点精度检验结果表明,盐分含量及毛管孔隙度的实测值与预测值均具有良好的相关性(k均接近于1,R2分别为0.840 4和0.796 5),反演精度较高。通过高光谱数据对盐碱地改良利用的障碍因子进行遥感定量反演,对于指导盐碱地的整治改良和利用具有重要的推动作用。     

Maneuver analysis methodology to predict vehicle impacts on training lands

Tactical mobility analysis techniques were merged with land management strategies to assess potential impacts of vehicle operations on training areas for rangeland planning and management. A vehicle mobility analysis was performed for a suite of vehicle types using the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM II). Input parameters include terrain information (soil type, slope, vegetation, surface roughness, soil strength), terrain surface condition based on climate (terrain strength, freeze–thaw, moisture content, snow cover), and vehicle specifications (tire, power train, weight on each axle, ground clearance, dimensions, ride). The vehicle performance was spatially mapped over the terrain for different seasons of the year and used to calculate the maneuverable acreage, which was compared to acreage needed for training requirements. This can be related to land capability based on expected training impact (Maneuver Impact Miles, MIM) and Land Condition Curves which link training density to land condition. This methodology can be used to determine the suitability of training lands and the degree of land management or rehabilitation expected. The methodology was applied to the transformation of the Alaska training lands to support a new brigade unit called the Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT3), but is equally useful for other training areas and military units. For summer use, Alaska training lands are capable of supporting four times the projected training requirements. For winter, when the ground is frozen, more than 10 times the area needed was available.     

长江河口滨海地区冲填土对地面沉降效应——以上海市临港新城为例

长江河口滨海地区广泛分布有大量的冲填土,由于其形成时间短,具有欠固结特性,因此对地面沉降影响较大。本文首先阐述上海市临港新城区冲填土分布特征,并按其填料不同将其分类后计算出不同种类冲填土大面积堆载所引起下部土层的地面沉降量和冲填土本身固结产生的沉降量,并与总的地面沉降量相比较,得出结论,并对进一步开展工作提出建议。     

Assessing and predicting changes in vegetation cover associated with military land use activities using field monitoring data at Fort Hood, Texas

We assessed short-term impacts of changes in military training load on vegetative cover at Fort Hood, TX. From 1989 to 1995, permanent field transects were monitored for vegetative cover and land use disturbance using standard army monitoring methods [Land Condition Trend Analysis (LCTA)]. Land use intensity (training load) was quantified and used to develop a model to predict future vegetation cover values. We found that standard Army monitoring methods detected changes in installation resources associated with changes in training load. Increased training loads were associated with increased measures of disturbance, decreased ground cover, and decreased aerial vegetative cover. We found that the spatial pattern of disturbance and vegetation cover remained relatively constant over the study period despite large variations in overall training load. Our model used the consistency in spatial cover patterns over time and the strong relationship between training load and vegetation cover to predict the impact of future training loads on vegetation.     

开采沉陷工程岩体本构关系研究

传统开采沉陷理论存在对采动岩体本构关系研究不够的问题, 本文在运用现代工程地质学理论和现代数学力学理论相结合, 对采动岩体本构关系进行深入研究的基础上, 提出了用“黑箱”问题“灰箱”化的全息反分析法, 确定采动工程岩体本构关系及其有关参数。实例分析表明, 对于复杂岩体结构的开采沉陷问题, 能够取得满意的结果。     

光度法对不同土地利用类型河流在不同水期氮磷分布特性及定量源解析研究

氮和磷是水环境生物生长和繁殖必须的营养成分,影响水体初级生产力的水平,且水体富营养化水平与氮磷形态密切相关,随着水体环境的改变,沉积物会向水体释放氮磷,造成二次污染。同时,对外源氮磷污染来源的贡献进行定量识别,可有效管理和控制水体氮磷污染负荷。毗河和石亭江是沱江的重要支流,影响着长江母亲河的水质。采用钼锑抗分光光度法和连续提取法研究在枯水期和丰水期毗河和石亭江水体和表层沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及各形态氮磷的分布特性,对比不同土地利用类型河流氮磷行为特性及释放风险,并采用Multiple Linear Regression of the Absolute Principal Component Scores(APCS-MLR)受体模型进行氮磷污染源的识别和量化。研究结果表明：(1)研究区水体和表层沉积物中氮磷均处于不同程度的污染水平,水体枯水期TP的主要贡献者是颗粒态无机磷(PIP)和颗粒态有机磷(POP),而丰水期却是颗粒态无机磷(PIP)和溶解态无机磷(DIP),两水期水体中TN的主要贡献者是硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)和有机氮(ON)...